Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Law for Baccalaureate

What Pushed Congress Towards a Declaration of War?

President McKinley was responsible for pushing Congress to authorize the war. Ironically, at the start of his presidential term, he actually wanted to steer the US away from any involvement in war. However, after an explosion on an American battleship, which killed 260 of its members, the public wanted aggressive action against Spain, which is what led McKinley to do so.

What Is the Teller Amendment?

The Teller Amendment was a result of President McKinley going to Congress in order to use force against the Spanish in the Spanish-American War. The amendment was passed in order to authorize the war. The amendment stated that the US didn't have any intentions to annex Cuba.

Describe the US Involvement

Public Opinion and Policy

Public Opinion: The collection of views shared by a segment of society on an issue of interest.

Public Policy: The choices the government makes and the actions it takes in response to a particular issue or problem.

Political Socialization and the Media

Political Socialization: The process by which people develop political beliefs.

Mass Media: Means of communication that provide information to a large audience.

Polling and Bias

Sampling Error: The margin of error that indicates a poll's accuracy, given as a percentage above and below the poll's results.

Bias: Refers to errors introduced by polling methods that lead to one outcome over others.

Objectivity: Freedom from bias and outside factors, such as timing, that may influence...

Commercial Documents

Bills of Exchange

Taxable Event: Refers to bills and documents that comply with a swivel function, i.e., remittance or money order.

Taxpayers: The drawer and others who draft documents issued.

Tax Base: Is rotated and takes the amount of the quota on a fixed scale.

Safeguards and Certificates of Deposit

Taxable Event: Issue or transfer of receipts or certificates of deposit.

Contributor: The issuer.

Tax Base: The nominal amount to determine the share, using the same fixed scale as for bills of exchange.

Form: Using a mobile ring (stamped paper can be purchased at newsstands). A receipt or certificate of deposit is a security issued individually and to the order. It concerns a bank deposit of a minimum amount, which is transferable...

Fundamental Principles of Bolivarian Thought

Freedom: Freedom is the main principle guiding the political life of Bolívar. Freedom means independence; it means breaking with dominance and is inherent in the condition of being able to express feelings without ties. Bolívar distinguishes two types of liberty:

• Civil Liberty: Bolívar calls this true freedom.
• Political Freedom: Based on the principle that nothing is more important for a citizen than the election of their officers.

Equality: Bolívar thought of political and social equality identified as effective and produced by the law, where there were no privileges. This was based on the following thought: "Nature makes all men unequal in genius, strength, temperament, and character; the law corrects...

Limited Liability Company (S.L.)

A capitalist company structure, ideal for businesses with a limited number of partners and moderate capital requirements.

General Characteristics of an S.L.

• The number of partners can be one or more. Single-member companies are known as sole proprietorships.
• The partners' liability is limited to their capital contribution; they are only responsible for the capital invested.
• The share capital is divided into shares. It must not be less than €3,000. At the time of incorporation, the capital must be fully subscribed and paid; no unpaid liabilities (unpaid portions) are permitted. Capital can be contributed in cash, property, or rights.
• The corporate name must be followed by "S.L." or "S.R.L." (Sociedad de Responsabilidad

Substantive and Procedural Law in Canada

Substantive Law

Substantive law encompasses the rights and rules that govern behavior and set limits on conduct.

Procedural Law

Procedural law determines how substantive laws will be enforced.

Public and Private Law

Public Law

Public law includes constitutional law and determines how the country is governed. It also regulates our relationship with the government.

Private Law

Private law governs personal, social, and business relationships.

Canada's Constitution

The Constitution Act, 1982, formerly known as the British North America Act, created Canada in 1867. It serves as the "rulebook" that the government must follow. It includes the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

Canada's Constitution has three elements:

• Statutes
• Case

Satirical subgeneres:

Formal verse satire (dialogue with “adversarius”, or restrainer, like Arbuthnot) [problem of unity and method]. Traditional form from Greece and Rome with a polish attack on a vice. The interlocutor is an instrument for balancing the attitude of the satirist. However, it is very limited; these are just short poems on different human vices.

Menippean

(mixed) [Anatomy (Frye): ideas] [other genre problems: mode, genre or borrower of forms / humour- comic / comedy / parody / mock-heroic]. It is a more fashionable kind of genre without definite form. You adapt to any other existing genre or to non-genre in particular. It can be found anywhere: poem, novel, epic… It uses a double attack: against vices and against conventions...

Essay Structure

Introduction

The introduction should tell the reader what to expect in the essay. It should make clear to the reader the focus of the essay, the scope of the research (in particular, an indication of the sources to be used), and an insight into the line of argument to be taken.

Body

The body should be presented in the form of a reasoned argument. The form varies with the subject, but as the argument develops, it should be clear to the reader what relevant evidence has been discovered, where and how it has been discovered, and how it supports the argument.

Citation Formats for Various Sources

• Book: Author – Title – Institution, Publisher, and City – Publication Date – Edition (if applicable).
• Chapter from Book: Author – Title

The Criminal Trial Stage

The trial is the stage of legal proceedings where the defendant's conduct is prosecuted to either convict or acquit, culminating in a sentence that ends the process. It is conducted in one or more sessions and develops under several key principles. Once the trial opens, it continues for as many consecutive sessions as necessary for its completion.

Governing Principles of a Trial

The procedural debate is governed by the following principles:

• Orality: Proceedings are conducted verbally.
• Publicity: The trial is open to the public, ensuring transparency.
• Concentration: The trial proceeds through consecutive sessions without undue interruption.
• Contradiction: Both parties have the right to contest evidence and arguments.
• Equality: