Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Law for Baccalaureate

Preamble

Preamble: This German Corporate Governance Code (the "Code") presents essential statutory regulations for the management and supervision of German listed companies (governance). The Code clarifies the obligations of the Executive Board and Supervisory Board, in accordance with the principles of the social market economy, to ensure the company's survival and its lasting value.

Shareholders and General Meeting

Shareholders: The shareholders exercise their rights at the AGM and exercise their right to vote. The Board shall submit to the General Meeting the annual accounts and consolidated financial statements. It decides on profit allocation and the discharge of the Executive Board and Supervisory Board, elects the shareholder representatives...

Subject 3 (II): EC Institutional System

European Community Institutional System

Parliamentary monarchy streamlined, strong executive primacy of representative measurement principle: moderate impact of statutory reform, impact of European integration.

Political Parties and Representation

Functions: It expresses political pluralism, attends training of the will. Popular instrument part of policy. Creation and action are regulated and freely established. Internal organization and functioning must be democratic.

Parties Act 6 / 2002:

• Chapter 1: Creating Political Parties (Positive freedom of establishment and membership / retention, negative freedom or integration / demand promoters, foundation charter and bylaws / party registration).
• Chapter 2: Organization

Free Advertising Space in Election Campaigns

During election campaigns, competing political forces are entitled to free advertising space on both publicly owned and autonomous state radio and television stations.

Distribution Criteria for Free Airtime

When multiple elections are held simultaneously, the LOREG (in Article 63) outlines how results are used to distribute free airtime. In the absence of explicit regulations, the Electoral Board establishes the specific criteria for this distribution.

Time Allocation Scale (Article 64 LOREG)

The scale for determining the airtime allocated to each entity is as follows:

• 10 minutes: For those who did not run or did not gain representation.
• 15 minutes: If the entity did not reach 5% of votes in the national

Working Hours and Rest Periods

The maximum duration of working hours will be 40 hours per week of actual work, calculated as an annual average. This distribution shall meet the minimum daily rest periods of 12 hours between the end of one shift and the beginning of the next, plus a day and a half of uninterrupted rest.

Special Sectors and Reduced Rest

Special days: The rest period is reduced to a minimum of 10 hours for specific activities. These special days apply to: employees of urban properties, non-rail guards, guards engaged in agriculture, and those working in trade, maritime, catering, health, mining, building, public works, and transportation.

Regulations for Workers Under 18

Children under 18 cannot perform overtime. Overtime hours can...

T.4: Legal Framework Governing Business Activity

One of the functions of the public administration is to establish the legal framework governing economic activity. Through this framework, the state regulates the activity of economic agents and seeks to foster their development, thereby promoting a structure of certainty and clarity needed for economic relations.

Defining the Employer in Commercial Law

This regulatory structure is determined by a set of rules and principles that constitute Mercantile Law (or Trade Law), a special right that applies only to employers and their acts. A primary aspect of this regulation is defining who is legally considered an employer. The status of employer is acquired by:

• All natural persons conducting economic

Differences Between Limited Partnerships and Corporations

Occasionally, questions arise concerning the constitution of a limited partnership or a corporation. What follows are some features that can lead us to choose one or the other:

Type of Activity

The type of activity can influence the election. In principle, a limited partnership may engage in any activity. However, certain activities (banking companies, pension fund management, insurance, etc.) can only be exercised by a corporation.

Number of Members

A corporation is generally a public company, while a limited partnership is a closed or family society.

Both the limited partnership and the anonymous corporation are capitalist societies (what matters is the capital contributed by each partner)...

Incoterms and International Delivery Rules

• EXW (Ex Works): The buyer bears all costs; the seller does not handle export customs clearance.
• FCA (Free Carrier): Delivery at a set place or point (cleared for export).
• FAS (Free Alongside Ship): Goods are placed alongside the ship; the buyer assumes all risks and costs from that point.
• FOB (Free On Board): Risk passes once the goods have passed the ship's rail.
• CFR (Cost and Freight): Seller pays cost and freight to the port of destination; risk passes to the buyer at the port of shipment.
• CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight): Same as CFR but includes insurance; risk passes to the buyer at the port of shipment.
• CPT (Carriage Paid To): The multimodal equivalent of CFR.
• CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To):

Key Economic Concepts and Business Structures

Protectionism and Free Trade

Protectionism: A policy designed to defend a country's domestic products from foreign competition, typically through the application of tariffs.

Free Trade (Economic Liberalism): An economic doctrine that favors the free flow of goods between countries, promoting trade freedom.

Corporations and Shares

Corporations are societies with diverse capital contributed by partners. The capital is divided into parts or shares of equal value. Shares can be purchased in large or small quantities, allowing small savers to participate in the company's ownership.

• Shareholders: Every holder of shares, regardless of the quantity, is a part-owner of the company, representing a percentage of

Generalissimo Franco and the National Defense Board

ITEM 2: 5) Franco, Generalissimo: The military created an organ from the rebel leadership they called the National Defense Board, which was composed of military personnel and headed by Cabanellas. The board banned the activity of all political parties, suspended the constitution, and decreed the cessation of agrarian reform. The need for the uprising to have a single leader arose very soon. Franco was becoming increasingly popular among the generals and secured recognition from Hitler and Mussolini. As such, he was appointed head of the state government and Generalissimo of the Spanish armies, and the headquarters moved to the Salamanca Generalissimo.

The Creation of the Single Party

Just as...

The Impossibility of Premeditation

For how could I have acted if he fell instantly wounded in the bedroom? If I twisted his arms back, and if many men were inside, he could not have escaped them, as he had no iron, stick, or anything else to defend himself from those who entered. Citizens, I think you also know that those who do not act justly do not recognize what their true enemies say. On the contrary, they are those who, with their lies and such procedures, excite the ire of listeners against those who act justly. Well, read the law first.

The Law of the Areopagus

Read the law of the wake of the Areopagus.

You hear, citizens, that the same court of the Areopagus—whose responsibility is rooted in tradition and which retains criminal jurisdiction...