Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Latin for Vocational training

Mercè Rodoreda and the Literature of Exile

Historical Background

The late 19th and early 20th centuries were marked by a gold rush that spurred significant economic growth, culminating in the 1888 Universal Exhibition in Barcelona. During this period, Enric Prat de la Riba established the Regionalist League, aiming to Europeanize Catalonia through the creation of the Commonwealth of Catalonia (Mancomunitat de Catalunya) in 1912, which organized the territory into four councils.

In 1923, the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera began, leading to the prohibition of the Catalan language. Following the dictatorship, the publication of a general Catalan dictionary in 1932, alongside the rise of numerous Catalan magazines and publishing houses, fostered...

Modernism and the Generation of '98

At the end of the 19th century, marked by political and economic crises, two major movements emerged: Modernism and the Generation of '98. Both share a rebellious, nonconformist attitude toward reality and defend an aesthetic restoration against the constraints of realism.

Modernism

Modernism seeks beauty, spirituality, and the expression of feelings. It evades reality through exotic worlds and ideals, characterized by a refined and sensual style.

The Generation of '98

This group is deeply concerned with the situation in Spain, often reflecting a sense of pessimism. Their work spans various genres, including lyric poetry, narrative, drama, essays, and articles.

Key Figures and Styles

• Antonio Machado: A prominent

Verbos Personales

Los verbos personales se conjugan en diferentes tiempos, modos y personas. Por ejemplo:

• Reconocido: 1ª persona del singular del pretérito perfecto de indicativo del verbo reconocer. Se compone del auxiliar he + el participio -ido. Contiene morfemas de modo, tiempo, aspecto y persona, además del lexema reconc-.
• Habrás rezado: 2ª persona del singular del futuro perfecto del verbo rezar. Se compone del auxiliar habrás + el participio -ado. Contiene el lexema rez-.
• Entiendo: 1ª persona del singular del presente de indicativo. Es un verbo regular con el lexema entend- y la desinencia -o.

Verbos No Personales

Los verbos no personales (infinitivo, gerundio y participio) no poseen morfemas de persona. En los ejemplos combatir y evitar,...

Renaissance Humanism

Influences of the Renaissance: Humanism was a cultural movement that arose in Italy in the 14th century and extended throughout Europe until the finals of the sixteenth century.

Characteristics:

• Individual self-valuation.
• Affan for the physical and intellectual education of the youth.
• Reading and imitation of classical authors.
• Love for old books, especially original texts.
• Intimate religiosity.
• Aspiration to a clear and simple literary style without excessive expression.

Important Humanist Figures:

• Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536): His travels led to a movement called Erasmianism, which had followers in Spain during the reign of Charles V.
• Petrarch (1304-1374): The Italian writer and poet most influenced the development of the Renaissance.

Apostrophe

Articles define the lots, and the personals in the apostrophe's sense (and the vowel, the figures gain the vowel. An apostrophe elides and precedes the word, nor does an apostrophe vowel and unstressed u have to do with the sounds.

Vanguard

In the European Modernist movement, cultural primary single third century Mon, transcending the cultural precedent, he moved toward a new renewal, experiments, and new forms of expression. Stavene influenced heat caused by the crisis of the IMP 1 and proposed to the bourgeois.

Cubism

Artwork from elements that form the reality of decomposed and disordered forms (e.g., Caligrama) in literary creations.

Futurism

Rated industrial progress and new technologies with the will to create a world of speed and...

Latin Pronouns and Demonstratives

Anaphoric Pronouns (this, this, that)

Singular and plural forms:

is, ea, id / ei, ii, eae, ea
eum, eam, id, eos, eas, ea
eius, eius, eius, eorum = a = o
ei, ei, ei, eis / iis = =
eo, eo, eo, eis / iis = =

Identity Pronouns (same)

idem, eadem, idem, eiusdem, eisdem, eodem

eosdem, idem, eundem, eandem, eas
eiusdem = = eor rundem = a = o
eisdem, eidem = = = =
eodem, eadem, eodem, eisdem = =

Ipse Pronouns (the same, himself)

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, ipsa, ipsa, ipsi
ipsum, ipsam, ipsos, ipsas, ipsa
ipsius = = ipsorum = a = o
ipsi, ipsis = = = =
ipso, ipsa, ipso, ipsis = =

Latin Demonstratives

Singular

Masc / Fem / Masc / Fem / Neuter / Neuter / Neuter / Masc / Fem

ista, haec, hoc, hic, iste, ille, illa, illud, istud
istum, hunc, hanc, hoc,...

Sintaxis: relaciones entre las palabras enunciadas

La sintaxis es la disciplina que estudia las relaciones que se establecen entre las palabras al formar enunciados.

Palabra

La sintaxis es una unidad mínima de análisis, al igual que el verbo con su pronombre átono (unstressed pronoun).

Construcciones: grupos de palabras

Son grupos de palabras sustituibles por otra palabra. Si es posible reconocer un núcleo (sintagma nominal, adjetival, verbal o adverbial), se trata de un sintagma. Si no es posible, se trata de una construcción (preposicional o comparativa).

Constituyentes

Son los elementos que forman parte de una construcción.

Oración

Es la unidad máxima de la sintaxis. Incluye una forma verbal y puede estar formada por un enunciado (statement)...