Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Latin for Secondary education

Modernism: A New Attitude Towards Life

Modernism represents a revivalism in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century art, reflecting a new attitude towards life. It emerged as a response from intellectuals rebelling against the 19th-century crisis, moving away from realistic rationalism toward a subjective spiritual wave. Its primary source was Latin America.

Literary Sources and Influences

The literary sources and influences of Modernism include Romanticism, American poets, and French poetry. Key trends include:

• Parnassianism: Defined by "art for art's sake," where beauty is clean and spotless, based on external perfection.
• Symbolism: Focuses on undefined, vague, and hidden realities within an intimate world to discover impossible meanings.

Core

Magna Graecia and the Origins of Rome

Magna Graecia: Areas in Southern Italy and Sicily, occupied by Greeks. In the Plain of Latium, the Latins (pastoralists and farmers) merged into a federation called the Septimonium (seven mountains), which refers to the hills occupied: Palatine, Aventine, Esquiline, Quirinal, Caelian, Viminal, and Capitoline.

The Founding of Rome

Year: Spring 753 BC. The history of Rome is divided into three periods:

• Monarchy: 7th century BC – 6th century BC
• Republic: 5th century BC – 1st century BC
• Empire: 1st century BC – 5th century AD

Kings of Rome

The King assumed absolute powers by imperium (governmental authority). Symbols included the purple robe, golden crown, scepter, curule chair, and the fasces.

• 1st King: Romulus

Antonio Machado

Born in Seville in 1875, Antonio Machado studied at the Free Institution of Education in Madrid. During his time in Paris, he met Rubén Darío. In 1907, he became a French teacher in Soria, where he married Leonor Izquierdo, a sixteen-year-old girl who passed away shortly after. He later moved to Baeza, Segovia, and Madrid. As a staunch supporter of the Republic and the legal government of the Popular Front, he was exiled in 1939 and died in Collioure, France, shortly after crossing the border.

Poetic Evolution and Major Works

Machado's poetic creation is deeply marked by significant life events:

• Solitudes (1903) and Solitudes, Galleries and Other Poems (1907): Following his trip to Paris, Machado published these works. His poetry

Foundations of Language and Writing Systems

Key Terminology in Classical Studies (Glossary)

CIDA:

Chrace death: power

NOMOS:

Treaty, law

ARCH:

Power, rule

ETNOS:

Race, people

DEMOS:

Town, region, people

POLIS:

City, city-state

The Indo-European Language Family

Indo-European languages are believed to be derived from a hypothetically reconstructed language (often referred to as Proto-Indo-European or PIE) spoken by people from the southern Russian steppes, which spread across Europe and Asia. Although there are no written records of PIE, it is reconstructed from the languages derived from it, which fall into several language families.

Major Branches of Indo-European Languages

1. Italic Languages:
   • Latin: The official language of the Roman Empire, from which the Romance

1. Cantiga de Amigo

Short compositions voiced by an unmarried girl, typically lamenting the absence of her amigo (lover). Often, the speaker addresses a confidante. Nature elements acquire symbolic values: the deer represents the boyfriend, water sources serve as meeting places, the stormy sea symbolizes passion, and the wind represents masculinity.

2. Origins of the Cantiga de Amigo

The cantiga de amigo, like the Mozarabic kharjas, originates from a popular lyrical tradition. The kharjas were short compositions written in Mozarabic, representing the oldest written statements of Castilian lyric poetry.

3. Varieties of Cantiga de Amigo

• Dance-songs: The couple expresses joy in love and their commitment to companions.
• Pilgrimage songs: Related to festivals

Linguistic Terminology

• Copulative: Conjunctions such as "and" or "or."
• Relative Pronoun (Where): Functions as a relative pronoun or conjunction.
• Mot (Property): Words evolved gradually from the mother tongue (e.g., wolf, crate, water).
• Cultisme: Words adapted directly from a classical language, distinct from hereditary evolution (e.g., Artículu to Article).
• Latinisme: Expressions or words adopted from Latin into Catalan without modification, remaining in use today (e.g., Inter nos).

5. The Nineteenth-Century Renaixença

Poetry: Jacinto Verdaguer

Poetry was the first genre to normalize. Jacinto Verdaguer is the leading exponent of 19th-century Catalan poetry, noted for the extension, elaboration, and complexity of his work. He cultivated both epic...

Poetry of the 40s

This era saw a return to traditional metrics, moving away from the Spanish reality. Notable works include those of Garcilaso and Leopoldo Panero, with the latter's "Poetry Uprooted." Other key figures include Damaso Alonso and Fiery Angel Otero, who viewed poetry as a creation. Pablo Garcia Baena also contributed to this period.

Poetry of the 50s

This period was characterized by social themes. Blas de Otero's work emphasized simplicity and a denouncement of the lack of liberty. Other writers include Gonzalez, whose work explored solidarity and freedom, and Gabriel Celaya, who addressed injustice.

Poetry of the 60s

Jaime Gil de Viedma blended conversational language and humor, critiquing the situation in Spain. José Agustín Goytisolo...

Major Characters and Motifs

• 주인공의 이름: Henry Fleming
• Tall soldier: Jim Conklin
• Henry가 처음 전쟁에 가졌던 환상: Greek war, Homeric war, blue demonstration
• Henry가 enlist하겠다고 결정하게 된 계기: Newspaper
• Mom이 Henry에게 전해준 것: The socks, the shirts, and a cup of blackberry jam
• Veterans들이 Henry를 불렀던 호칭: Fresh Fish, Rabbit, proverbial Chicken
• 적군 부대를 지칭하는 말: Dragons
• 아군 부대를 지칭하는 말: Reptiles, Serpents
• Horseman이 챙기라고 했던 것: Box of cigars
• Fat soldier가 훔치려고 했던 것: A horse
• Camp fires: Peculiar blossoms
• Wilson 曰: “You talk as if you are Napoleon Bonaparte.”

Chapter 3: The Approach to Battle

• What did the youth fear? A sudden assault.

The Olympic Games and Ancient Greek Education

In Classical Greece, physical exercise was a fundamental part of education, alongside the study of letters and music.

The Panathenaic Festival

Every four years, on the anniversary of Athena, a grand procession headed toward the Acropolis to dress the statue of the goddess in a tenia.

The Acropolis of Athens

The Acropolis served as the high point of Greek cities. Located on a hill, it provided a defensive position against attacks and functioned as the religious center of the time. The enclosure was surrounded by a wall and featured a single monumental entrance known as the Propylaea, which served as a gateway and lobby.

In the center of the complex stood a bronze statue of Athena Promachos, created by...

The Theater: Postwar Period until 1949

THE THEATER.

The postwar period until 1949: It is a theatre for domestic consumption, at a considerable distance from modern European trends, due to a number of factors. The Civil War meant, as in other genres, circumstances unfriendly to the development of its aesthetics; the theatre was also more directly influenced by social, political, and economic pressures and was more conditioned by the environment of war. Yet, never in those years were there so many authors and premieres—for example: José Mª Pemán, Joaquín Sotelo, José López Rubio, Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena, Miguel Mihura, Alfonso Sastre, and so on.

Significant Phenomenon

SIGNIFICANT PHENOMENON

As we also note, there existed different types...