Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Latin for Secondary education

Key Features of Modernism

• Rejection of everyday life: Focus on the past and exotic locations.
• Formal perfection: The pursuit of beauty and "art for art's sake."
• Importance of rhythm: Recovery and invention of new verses.
• Lexical renewal: Use of exotic, mythological, and mysterious vocabulary (e.g., Castile, princes).
• Topics: Focus on foreign themes and the poet's intimacy.

Characteristics of the Generation of '98

• Close friendship: A group opposed to the Restoration.
• Interest in Castile: A deep love for the land and nationalism.
• Rupture of forms: Breaking classical forms to create new ones.
• Pessimism: A prevailing sense of disillusionment.
• National issues: Themes centered around the land and the state of Spain.
• Moderation: Use of the fair and effective

Western Varieties

Morphological Features

• -s plurals.
• 1st person singular present indicative ending in -es or no ending.
• Present tense of inchoative verbs ending in -ix.
• Present subjunctive of inchoative verbs ending in -isca.

Phonetic Features

• Pronounced differentiation between unstressed e, a, and i.
• Pronounced differentiation between unstressed o and u.

Specific Lexicon

• Mirror
• Boy
• Red
• Depart
• Farmer
• Lamb

Oriental Varieties

Morphological Traits

• -s plurals.
• 1st person singular present indicative ending in -o or no ending.
• Present tense of inchoative verbs ending in -eix.

Phonetic Features

• No distinction between unstressed e, a, and i.
• No differentiation between unstressed o and u.

Specific Lexicon

• Mirror
• Boy
• Red
• Out
• Pages
• Lamb

Geographic Distribution of Oriental Varieties

• Roussillon
• Central

Antonio Machado — Born 1875 in Seville

Antonio Machado was born in Seville in 1875. His work is traditionally divided into two main stages.

Modern Stage: Soledades and 1907 Collection

The modern stage includes two early books published by Machado: Soledades (1903) and Soledades, galerías y otros poemas (1907). These works belong to the orbit of modernism and symbolism. The poetry has an intimate tone, formally elaborate, using metric models derived from the French Alexandrine tradition and influenced by Rubén Darío and the French poet Baudelaire. Some recurring Machado symbols are:

• Water
• Galleries
• Sunrise / Sunset
• Seasons
• Changing landscapes

Second Stage and Campos de Castilla (1912)

The second stage of Machado marks, in some aspects, the end of...

Latin Grammar

Latin words are divided into variable parts: nouns, pronouns, determiners, adjectives and verbs.

Nouns, pronouns and determiners are declined, while adjectives combine with nouns and verbs.

The verb generally marks the end of the sentence.

Nouns and Declensions

Substantives are grouped into 5 declensions: -ae, -i, -is, -us, -ei.

Each substantive has a nominative and genitive form, from which the declension is determined.

For each declension, the whole case system is used to express different syntactic functions.

The cases are ordered as follows: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative and ablative.

Only the accusative and ablative can be used with prepositions.

First Declension

Nouns of the first declension are mostly feminine,...

Galdós — Leading Spanish Realist Novelist

Galdós: One of the best storytellers of the Castilian language and the most representative author of the realistic novel. His Episodios Nacionales are inspired by nineteenth-century Spanish history, and his novels that come from the observation of his own era are aimed at improving the life of the country. These novels are divided into three groups.

Thesis Novels

Thesis: Moved by their progressive spirit. Through symbolic characters, the reader notes the clash between liberal ideology and conservatism. Doña Perfecta.

Contemporáneas

Contemporáneas: From his position as omniscient narrator, he provides information about the problems that Spanish society had not yet resolved. Fortunata and Jacinta.

Spiritual

Spanish Literature in the Early Twentieth Century

Antonio Machado

Biography: Born in Sevilla in 1875, where he spent his childhood in the Dueñas Palace with his brother Manuel. He wrote very important works. When he went to Paris he met Rubén Darío, who offered him a job. In 1907 he became a professor of French in Soria, where he met the young Leonor, whom he loved deeply. Leonor died of tuberculosis in 1912. Due to the great pain this caused, he moved to the city of Baeza, Jaén, where he worked and wrote articles during the Civil War. He died in 1939 in France, where he had taken refuge and worked as a border guard in his last days. Together with his mother, he wrote works about the sea, and children.

Miguel de Unamuno

Innovative novelist...

+ Important aspects: Sign of the work in Galician: Galician-Write to: ~ Show your interest in Galicia and its people. Qo ~ Demonstrate Galician is suitable for literary expression. Imprtant Works +: ~ In Castile: 1.1) novels: El Caballero d boots grandes.La hijas del mar.Ruinas.Flavio.1.2) poems: Las Orillas del Sar.2.) In Galician: 2.1) New Song gallegos.Follas. Biodata: Rosalía de Castro was born in Santiago in 1873 and died in 1885.Filla standards in a noble lineage and a clergyman Iria.Rosalía gotta go to live with her aunt to 15 years Ortoño.Con departure to Santiago, with the mother cua, which form in the School of Juventud.Aos the 19 years he moved to Madrid where he met Manuel Murga, with q home two years despois.Teñen 7 fillos....

The Second Half of the Nineteenth Century: Socioeconomic Transformations

The second half of the nineteenth century saw socioeconomic transformations throughout Europe, brought about by the Industrial Revolution. These changes marked the consolidation of the bourgeoisie, the appearance of the working class, and the rise of the trade union movement, socialism, Marxism, and anarchism.

Spain in the Late Nineteenth Century

In the case of Spain, the second half of the nineteenth century began during the reign of Isabel II. Her reign erupted in 1868 with the Glorious Revolution (La Gloriosa), which forced the royal family into exile. This opened the Revolutionary Six Years (Sexenio Democrático), during which the First Republic was proclaimed.

In 1875,...

Renaissance Literature and Thought

The Prose of Renaissance Thought

The Renaissance marked a significant shift in worldview from the Middle Ages, leading to a surge in philosophical and intellectual prose.

Key European Thinkers

The most influential thinkers originating from Italy include Niccolò Machiavelli and Baldassare Castiglione.

• Niccolò Machiavelli wrote The Prince. This seminal work argues that the end justifies the means and posits that state power transcends traditional ethical values.
• Baldassare Castiglione wrote The Courtier, a work that stimulated and influenced many subsequent thinkers.
• The Dutch humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam attempted to reconcile classical culture with Christian religious thought.
• The English writer Thomas More wrote

Lyric Poetry in the Traditional Local SGL XVII

The equilibrium breaks in the 16th century. The town maintains the primary literary language classes while high levels adopt the traditional Castilian. Lyric poetry is determined by:

• The actual sender
• The receiver
• The linguistic code
• The channel (oral)
• The message with scarce originality

Its purpose ranges from hyperbolic humoristic aims to educational, recreational, or servile appeasement to power. Compositions include: carols, tambourine songs, courtship rounds, dawn songs, harvest celebrations. It functions to expose defects.

The Cultured Poets of the Baroque

Francesc Vicent Garcia

Vallfogona, chancellor, traveled to Madrid and won popularity at court. He made his own poetic themes and genres from Castilian...