Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Latin for Secondary education

República Democràtica i la Convenció Girondina

República democràtica: la Convenció Girondina va convocar les eleccions per a la nova Assemblea Nacional. El rei Lluís XVI va ser jutjat, condemnat i executat a la guillotina. La mort del monarca va provocar la formació d'una aliança contra la França revolucionària, en la qual les monarquies europees van enviar els seus exèrcits contra la República.

En 1793 la Revolució va ser contrarrevolucionària per a les forces aliades. La caiguda de la Convenció Girondina va donar pas al control dels jacobins, que van aconseguir que la Convenció aprovés una nova Constitució basada en la sobirania popular, impulsant la democràcia i la República.

El Terror Jacobí

Els jacobins van instaurar...

Modernist Themes and Aesthetics

In this setting, beautiful, erotic, and amoral behaviors appear with frequency. INTIMA allows the poet to express discomfort with their surroundings, revealing an unattainable yearning for wholeness, uneasiness, autumn scenery, twilight, and gardens.

Style and Metrics

Writers exploit all possibilities offered by language to achieve beauty:

• Color: A key element, often expressed through intense adjectives.
• Musicality: High levels of sonority and rhythm in verse.
• Lexicon: Rich, varied, and abundant in alliteration, synesthesia, and bold imagery.
• Metrics: Modernism combines traditional meters with previously underused forms, such as the Alexandrian or hendecasyllable, seeking strophic variety and innovation.

Key Authors

The literature of the twentieth century marks the beginning of modernity. In the early twentieth century literary field, the Renaixença movement, begun in the previous century, shared the stage with Modernism and the recently appeared Noucentisme. After the civil war, a new generation of writers emerged, reflecting the vicissitudes of the postwar period and reaching the current generation of poets.

Modernist Poetry

Modernism was a cultural movement born to modernize society and its structures, showing a progressive ideology. Modernism is based on a romantic idea where the artist faces society and its economic interests, taking refuge and living solely for art. This professional dedication makes the artist a social rebel, known as the proponent...

José de Espronceda

This author represents the prototype of the exaltado youth fighting against absolutism, which led him to prison and exile, where he met the love of his life, Teresa Mancha. Although he is the author of the historical novel Sancho Saldaña, Espronceda is, above all, a poet. His most important works include two long poems and several songs:

• El estudiante de Salamanca: Tells the story of Don Félix de Montemar, the seducer of young Elvira, set in a macabre and ghostly world.
• El diablo mundo: Tells the story of an old man who is transformed into a young man.
• Canciones: Poems featuring marginal characters that represent freedom and passion.

Lyric Poetry

Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer

Bécquer is a primary representative of intimate Spanish...

Postmodern Thought and Its Characteristics

Postmodern thought is characterized by its rejection of ideologies, aesthetic theories, and schools. It practices different languages and mixes disciplines. It defends popular culture, the conception of the artwork as an object of mass communication, and the hybridization of styles. Postmodern thinking is reflected in everything from the taste for the fusion of genres. It is also unusual that the author plays with references known to the reader to build surprising texts. The relativism of thought favors the use of resources such as humor and irony.

Contemporary Spanish Literature (Since 1975)

Literature since 1975 presents a predominant feature: the attempt to regain the reader after the experimentalist...

Theme of Modernism

Literature of the Senses

Some writers focused on the sensuous external, seeking formal perfection and beauty.

Privacy Literature

This points to the expression of intimacy, the author's feelings, which can be vitalistic or optimistic, anxious or melancholic.

Recurring Themes

1. The Spiritual Crisis

Feelings of loneliness, melancholy, sadness, and the uprooting from a society that is unable or unwilling to understand the artist, often in opposition to the rational and real. Expression was achieved by means of symbols.

2. Evasion

The writer, immersed in a reality they dislike, must manifest their disconformity somehow. Some attempt to transform reality through criticism and political action, but others prefer to escape that reality and...

Avant-Garde Movements

Favism

• Matisse: The Dessert, Harmony in Red (1908), Portrait of Madame Matisse (1905)
• Derain: The River Seine at Chatou (1906)
• Vlaminck
• Rouault

Cubism

• Picasso
• Braque: Woman with a Guitar (1913)
• Juan Gris: Portrait of Picasso (1912)

Expressionism

• Munch: The Scream (1893)
• Kirchner
• Nolde

Futurism

• Boccioni
• Giacometti

Cubist Sculpture

• Brancusi

Between-War Period

Dadaism

• Duchamp: Mona Lisa, Fountain (1917)
• Picabia
• Grosz: The Pillars of Society (1926)

Surrealism

• Dalí: The Apparition of Face and Fruit Dish on a Beach (1931), The Persistence of Memory (1931)
• Chagall: I and the Village (1911)
• Magritte: The Son of Man (1964)

Abstract Art

• Kandinsky: On White II (1923)
• Malevich
• Mondrian
• Klee: Red and White Domes (1914), Senecio (1922)
• Miró

Sculpture

• Brancusi
• Giacometti
• Moore:

The 17th Century: The Golden Age of Spanish Theater

Throughout the seventeenth century, despite the Inquisition, writers were active in all literary genres. However, the seventeenth century was definitively the century of theater.

The Popularity of Baroque Theater

During this century, the public demanded large quantities of plays for entertainment. Many of these works are lost because they were not typically printed or published, but a great quantity of works has been preserved. Because of this popularity, comedies were often performed in the backyards of tenements, adapted for these representations. This led to the proliferation of theater companies.

Defining the New Comedy: Characteristics

The theater of the seventeenth century introduced a series...

Topic 4: The World in the Seventeenth Century

• New mindsets: Humanism emerges.
• Religion: Faith becomes more personal, though the Reformation and Counter-Reformation create significant tension.
• Politics: European monarchies consolidate their power.

Culture and Art

This period is known as the Renaissance, representing a rebirth and cultural awakening of ancient traditions.

• Origins: The cradle of the Renaissance was Italy, specifically Rome and Florence, featuring masters like Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci.
• Antiquity: A focus on recovering the art of the classical world.
• Science: Humanism facilitates breakthroughs such as the heliocentric system.

Renaissance Sculpture and Literature

• Classical Influence: A return to the Greco-Roman world.
• Literary

Pere Calders: A Brief Biography

Pere Calders was born in Barcelona in 1912. He spent his childhood on a farm in the Vallès region. He went to study in Barcelona when his family moved there permanently. His father, Cinto, and the school stimulated his interest in literature. Since then, he never stopped writing.

His first book, The First Harlequin, was a collection of stories published just before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. After the war, he was forced into exile. After 15 years living in Mexico, he was able to publish a new collection of stories: Chronicles of the Hidden Truth.

After 23 years of exile, he returned to Catalonia. His work was not recognized until 1978, when he published stories, including Subtle Invasion, and when the...