Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Latin for Baccalaureate

Spanish Poetry After 1936

Shift in Poetic Focus

A change in attitude is evident, summarized by these features:

• Progressive disinterest in the use of image and metaphor.
• Decreased interest in poesía pura (pure poetry).
• Góngora is replaced by Garcilaso as a model.
• A more serious tone addressing issues closer to humanity: love, death, religion, etc.
• In form, traditional stanza forms are shunned in favor of free verse (versolibrismo).

The 1940s: Rooted and Rootless Poetry

During the 40s, two main currents developed:

Poetry Rooted in Tradition

This poetry was detached from the immediate reality and inspired by Garcilaso. It addressed topics such as love, nature, religion, and the exaltation of the nation, often using classical meters and stanzas. Key author:...

Renaissance Theater

Renaissance Theater is divided into public and popular audiences.

Renaissance Public Audience

Predominantly featured didactic, moral, or religious intentions. This category included:

• Court Theater: For persons dealing with Court themes, preferably secular. Notable figures include Juan del Encina and Torres Naharro.
• Humanistic Comedy: Translations of classical works were read in small groups. These reading groups developed in universities and colleges.
• Religious Theater: Religious representations were performed. They coincided with festivities in courts and churches.

Renaissance Popular Audience

The popular theater emerged in the sixteenth century under the influence of Italian companies that influenced Spain and introduced the so-...

Structure of the Novel

The structure of the novel consists of a prologue and is organized into seven chapters. The story is told in the first person, narrating the life of Lázaro González Pérez, born in Salamanca near the River Tormes. Born into a poor family and left fatherless, his mother placed him in the service of a blind man. The stratagems Lázaro learned beside him were useful for his survival and eventual departure.

The Journey Through Seven Masters

Lázaro's life is defined by the various masters he serves:

• The Cleric: His second master was a selfish cleric who withheld food. Lázaro used his wits to steal food without the cleric noticing, but once discovered, he lost his position.
• The Hidalgo: He then served a squire, which worsened

Human Fiercely Angel

Themes and Poetic Structure

• Human Condition: Explores profound loneliness and the fear of death. The poet confronts mortality and seeks God.
• Divine Love & Despair: The recipient feels divine love, yet silence brings despair, as humanity finds no answer.
• Antithesis: Uses antithesis to confront human questions, leading to a divine negation.
• Form: A sonnet that rejects traditional stylistic norms.

The Eternal Existential

• World as Stage: Compares the world stage to a dismembered tree, devoid of future or destiny. The first verse is noted as problematic.
• Nature vs. Man: Elements of nature live in harmony and peace, while man remains alone.
• Mortality: Three verses express the fear of death, emphasizing its inevitability for all.
• Structure:

Pre-Romanesque Art in Spain

Space-time situation: From the mid-5th century to the 10th century.

Historical Context

Pre-Romanesque art, often described as the craft of the invaders, consists of different styles divided into three distinct stages: Visigothic Art, Asturian Art (Arte Astur), and Mozarabic Art.

Visigothic Art

This was a stage of wars and invasions which imposed military laws and religion. It developed from the 6th century until 711. Characterized as the simple art of a developing society, its most notable features include:

• The use of the cruciform basilica plan.
• Stone as the predominant building material.
• The use of the horseshoe arch.
• Small spans and a lack of windows, often utilizing a single hole.
• The use of columns and pillars for restraint.

Classification of Literary Genres

Literary genres are categories of texts that share common characteristics in terms of content, form, themes, ideas, and the writer's attitude.

The Lyrical Genre

• Key Characteristic: Subjectivity.
• Function: Expressive or emotive function of language; the author expresses personal feelings, desires, and emotions.
• Classification:
  • Cultivated Lyric: Written transmission. Known writers.
    • Subgenres: ode, hymn, elegy, eclogue, epistle, satire, song, and fable.
  • Popular Lyric: Oral transmission. Anonymity.
    • Subgenres: carol, letrilla, lyrical romance.

The Narrative Genre

The expression of a story that happens to characters in a specific place and time. This story is explained by a narrator who guides the reader.

• Story Elements: Plot,

Pessimism and DESENGAÑO
The seventeenth century resurgent ideological and cultural aspects.
Emerges a new vision of the world even more desperate and desolate crud keeping with the historical and social reality experienced by the Spanish in the XVII century.
topics: "disappointment in political and social aspects
-The disappointment to the human spectator, i and cultural deologicas created by the Renaissance.
"Pessimism and doubt can be fought only with resignation.
obseion-the ime and the inexorable passage (tempus fuguit)
-contemplate the desolation of the ruined cities aniguas.
ur-the vanity of existence.
considered life-like a dream.
-the reality sentimieno a fragile and illusory
-the idea of the world locira
-the national decadendia....

Architectural Details of the Parthenon

Under the HAD moldings, which are considered regular, six drops hang from each. Likewise, the lower element of the CORNISA features straight moldings called Mutula, each with 18 drops arranged in 3 rows of 6.

Pediments and Sculptural Decoration

The entablature supports a two-slope roof, originating from the front and rear triangular spaces known as pediments. The interior of the tympanum receives sculptural decoration in the form of reliefs, while Acroteria were placed at the vertices.

The roof of the temple interior forms the front wall, where the tympanum is decorated. The exterior pediment depicts the dispute between Athena and Poseidon for dominance over Athens, while the interior pediment illustrates...

Ramon Llull's Epistola: A Poetic Analysis

This document discusses a significant poem by the Majorcan polymath, Ramon Llull, one of the greatest lyrical poets of his time. Among his works, the poem known as Epistola stands out. It possesses an autobiographical character, reflecting the style of a thirteenth-century troubadour whose compositions were performed publicly.

Llull's Background and Mission

Ramon Llull hailed from the nobility, a well-educated stratum capable of reading and writing. He famously abandoned his social status to preach to "infidel" ethnic groups, driven by a profound evangelizing desire.

The Epistola: Genre and Characteristics

The Epistola belongs to the literary genre of poetry, characterized by its use of verse and rhetorical...

Valencia School Satirist
The Aristocrats: At the home of Berenguer Mercader, I attended Joan Rois de Corella, who cultivated a classic style of literature.
The Burguesos: Meeting at the home of Bernard Fenollar, they favored a more realistic literature and burlesque texts. They wrote collectively, using the fresh and colloquial language of the street.
The satirical works ridicule aspects of everyday life. They are dominated by expressive resources, such as wit, playful rhymes, double meanings, and allusions to the realities of the moment.
Among the most outstanding works are Lo Process of Olives (written by Fenollar, Gassull, and Moreno), a discussion about power reflecting sexual themes; Lo Dream of John John (by James Gassull), which describes...