Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language and literature

Tristana by Benito Pérez Galdós: Historical and Literary Context

The 19th-century work, Tristana, by Benito Pérez Galdós, was written in 1892. This period was characterized by the contrast between political stability, with the alternating power between conservatives and liberals, and the growing threat to the bourgeoisie's privileged position posed by developing labor movements.

In the literary context, Tristana, a realist novel, is marked by a spiritualistic naturalism. It features an introspective approach to the characters and a concern for their spiritual conflicts. The novel emphasizes the idealism of the characters, and the description of reality becomes less important.

Key Aspects of *Tristana*

The most striking aspect of the work is...

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Language Functions

• Issuer (Emotive / Expressive): Focuses on the addresser's feelings.
• Message:
  • Metalinguistic: Language that describes the language itself (the "code").
  • Aesthetic: Creative and fun use of language.
• Channel (Phatic): Testing the effectiveness of the communication channel.
• Receiver (Conative): Draws attention to the receiver (e.g., using nicknames).
• Context (Referential): Emphasizes the content and references to the message context.

Language Levels

Denotative Level: The single-literal sense. Truth is established when what is said corresponds to reality.

Connotative Level: Several senses involving figurative language. It requires interpretation by the receiver.

According to the degree of emotion: positive, neutral, or negative.

Methodology

ICT's Impact on Business Innovation

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have driven significant advances that reshape how businesses operate and innovate. Key developments include:

• Computers: A Business Revolution

  The rapid advancement of computer technology has revolutionized daily life and fundamentally changed business operations. Today, it is almost unthinkable for any company, regardless of size, not to utilize computers. This adoption leads to significant savings in both money and time, and the use of advanced software serves as a powerful competitive weapon for many organizations.

• The Internet: Information and Opportunity

  The internet revolution provides an impressive amount of information. The challenge for businesses lies in

Cultural Identity

A sense of belonging to a group with which one shares ideas, customs, language, etc., transmitted from generation to generation.

Integration

The participation and identification of immigrants with the host country without losing their specific cultural characteristics.

Citizenship

Being a citizen means not just being part of society, but actively participating in the life of society, enjoying equal rights and complying with certain obligations.

Advertising

A communication technique that encourages consumers to buy products or services of a particular brand.

Consumer Law

Consumers have a number of rights as enshrined in Article 51:

• Right to protection of health and security: Products that pose a health risk cannot be sold, and if there

Dramatic Subgenres

• Tragedy: Presents conflicts that cannot be solved by the characters, as they are marked by fate. The outcome is always unfortunate.
• Comedy: Shows everyday life issues and aims to entertain. The protagonists are ordinary people. The outcome is always happy.
• Drama: A conflict painful for the characters. The protagonists are common. It mixes tragic and comical elements, and the ending can be happy or unhappy.

Argumentative Texts in the Media

• Editorial: Sets out the terms of the means of communication on a topical issue. It is a text that is signed and employs formal vocabulary.
• Chronicle: Expanded news and commentary. Parts:
  • News: Objective information of events.
  • Comment: Exploring the journalist, usually performed in the third

Language and Dialect

Language: The fundamental instrument of social communication among members of a particular linguistic community, it serves as the hallmark of this community.

Dialect: Each of the language modalities present in different regions within its domain.

Horizontal Bilingualism: The balance of two or more languages in similar or comparable social situations, where both hold the same social and cultural prestige.

Diglossia: The imbalance between two or more languages where one enjoys greater social prestige and effectively dominates the other with which it coexists.

Cohesion in Language

Cohesion: A necessary condition for coherence. Cohesion is studied in spoken and written language. Methods of achieving cohesion include:

• Lexical Recurrence:

Expressions of Opinion

When expressing opinions, use phrases like "In my opinion" or "My point of view," or first-person verbs such as "I believe" or "I think."

Argumentation

Opinions should be supported by arguments. Use causal conjunctions like "It seems inappropriate because..." or "Because..."

Arguments can be strengthened with adjectives that express an evaluation of reality.

The Verb Phrase

The verb phrase acts as the predicate of a sentence, and its core is a verb.

Verbs indicate actions (studying, running, laughing) or states (being, seeming) and express time.

• Verbal moods include indicative, subjunctive, and imperative.

Clarín's Stories

Clarín, the pseudonym of Leopoldo Alas, wrote the novel The Judge's Wife.

He also authored articles set in...

Characteristics of the Essay Genre

The essay belongs to the didactic prose genre and is defined as a letter of variable length. The author addresses a subject through a subjectively objective, argumentative procedure.

• Size of Subject Matter: Can cover any topic, though current and humanistic issues are most common.
• Subjectivity: The author conveys personal thoughts, opinions, criticisms, and experiences.
• Open Structure: The author makes no commitment to a rigorous treatment of the subject, though it usually follows an argumentative structure.
• Lively, Dynamic, and Suggestive Style: Spreads theory on a topic in a simple, clear, and attractive manner.
• Use of Literary Procedures: The author may employ aesthetic or literary elaboration to make the subject

Joan Mari: Life and Work

Life

Born in 1948, Joan Mari is a prominent figure who now resides in San Sebastian. He completed engineering studies at university but never actively pursued a career as an engineer.

Work

His literary career began with the publication of his first novel in 1976. Titled Babilonia, this work quickly gained international recognition and is widely read. The novel delves into the history of the village of Babylon and its inhabitants. A central theme throughout the book is the continuous conflict and tense atmosphere, particularly concerning a "brother-drugs" dynamic. The title itself, Babilonia, is deeply influenced by themes of calamity and turmoil.

Ramon Leandro: Life and Literary Contributions

Life

Ramon Leandro was born in...

The Role of Newspapers and Journalistic Language

Newspapers: Resisting the fast pace of digital media, newspapers have the advantage of deepening the news and providing opinions about events.

Journalistic Language: Our conclusion is that we need to transmit as much information as possible in a specific space. Simple Syntax: The use of short sentences and simple vocabulary provides a compression of the articles. Elements of the sentence should be co-arranged following the logical order: subject, verb, and accessories. This order should only be altered to highlight any specific component of the sentence.

Special Content and Objectivity

Special Content Available: Journalistic work requires special provision because of subordination to a certain space...