Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language and literature

Database Keys and Normal Forms

You guarantee uniqueness by designating a Primary Key (PK) - a column or set of columns that contains unique values for a table.

Foreign Key (FK) is a column in one table that references the primary key of another table.

Database Normal Forms

First Normal Form (1NF)

It states that all column values must be atomic.

Second Normal Form (2NF)

A table is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-key column is fully dependent on the entire PK. That is, tables should store data relating to only one “thing” (or entity), and that entity should be fully described by its primary key.

Third Normal Form (3NF)

A table is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and if all non-key columns are mutually independent.

Database Integrity Rules

Entity Integrity

Presumptions

Linguistic Presumption (LP)

The hearer is presumed capable of determining the meaning and the referents of the expression uttered.

Communicative Presumption (CP)

Unless there is evidence to the contrary, a speaker is assumed to be speaking with some identifiable communicative intent.

Presumption of Literalness (PL)

Unless there is evidence to the contrary, a speaker is assumed to be speaking literally

Conversational Presumptions (ConPs):

• Relevance: The speaker's remarks are relevant to the conversation.
• Sincerity: The speaker is being sincere.
• Truthfulness: The speaker is attempting to say something true.
• Quantity: The speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information.
• Quality: The speaker has adequate evidence for what they say.

Strategies

In my opinion, Hamlet is a very good work because it expresses all the feelings of a real son. Life and death are two prevalent themes in the work, as well as in our daily lives. I liked the way Hamlet's ideas are portrayed as he seeks to avenge the death of his father. He is truly a clever man, which is evident throughout the story.

I highly recommend this book. It's a captivating story that keeps you engaged and eager to find out whether Hamlet will ultimately succeed in avenging his father's death. It is a tragic tale that explores relevant topics of our time and will leave a lasting impact. It is truly a remarkable work that I highly recommend.

Maritime Terminology and Definitions

Leaking (Fugas)

The escape of liquids, such as water or oil, from pipes, boilers, or tanks, or a minor inflow of seawater into the vessel due to hull damage.

Leeway

The lateral movement of a vessel to leeward of its intended course.

Let Go (Dejar ir)

To set free, release, or cast off anchors, lines, or other equipment.

Lifeboat Station (Estación de botes salvavidas)

The designated area where crew and passengers must assemble before being ordered to board lifeboats.

List

The inclination of a vessel to either the port or starboard side.

Make Water (Hacer aguas)

Seawater flowing into a vessel due to hull damage or improperly secured hatches.

Manoeuvring Speed (Velocidad de maniobras)

A vessel's reduced rate of speed in...

Grammatical Categories

Definition

Grammatical categories (parts of speech) classify words according to their type. Introduced by Nebrija in Spanish grammar, the term originally encompassed a limited set of word types. Modern linguistics uses "grammatical category" to describe a broader range of linguistic variables influencing a word's morphological form.

Traditional Parts of Speech

Traditional grammar identifies nine parts of speech (eight from Nebrija):

• Determiner
• Noun
• Pronoun
• Verb
• Adjective
• Adverb
• Preposition
• Conjunction
• Interjection

Literary Devices

Figures of Repetition

Alliteration

Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant sound in two or more closely placed words.

Anadiplosis

Anadiplosis (conduplicatio) repeats a word or phrase at the end...

Defining the Working Day and Time Limits

Working Time is the duration, measured daily, weekly, monthly, or yearly, that a worker dedicates to the execution of their duties.

• Maximum length: 40 hours per week.
• Number of ordinary hours shall not exceed 9 hours a day.
• Minimum rest between shifts: 12 hours.
• Workers under 18 years old cannot work more than 8 hours a day.

Exceptions and Constraints on Working Hours

Certain sectors have specific regulations regarding the extension or constraint of the working day:

• Extensions: Trade, catering, and the watchful guard of mariners in these three sectors can extend the working day.
• Constraints: Work in cold stores, construction works, and works exposed to environmental risks.

Mandatory Rest Periods for Employees

Types

Topic and Summary

Topic: Briefly state the central theme of the article, focusing on its subtopics.

Summary: Provide a concise overview of the article's main points using simple, non-compound sentences. Avoid directly copying phrases from the text.

Organizational Structure

Paragraphs and Connectors: Analyze the use of paragraphs and connectors. Determine whether the paragraphs are short or long. Identify the introduction, development (with supporting arguments), and conclusion (if present). Note whether the thesis is explicitly stated or implied.

Arguments: Identify the types of arguments used, such as authority, modeling, general knowledge, personal experience, or statistical evidence.

Structure: Determine if the structure is deductive (thesis at...

Comparing Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment and Poor People

The relationship between Fyodor Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment (1866) and Poor People (1846) lies in the profound realism with which the characters are depicted. Both works feature characters living in poverty. Dostoevsky highlights the circumstances of living in poverty, creating settings marked by the characters' impoverished status, which significantly influences their actions.

In both novels, the idea of love often functions as a moral imperative. In some cases, characters feel morally obliged to make decisions that shape the narrative. Although Poor People is not a tragedy like Crime and Punishment, it reveals themes that haunted the author from his youth. There is a clear difference...

Renaissance Narrative Trends and Novel Types

During the Renaissance, narrative suggested two major trends: one idealistic, covering adventurous and fantastic stories; the other realistic in nature, notable for its detailed description of characters and environments.

Key Novel Types of the Renaissance

• Books of Chivalry: Highly successful in previous centuries.
• Italian Novella: Characterized by tangled intrigue and tragic or farcical themes.
• Pastoral Novel: Emerged in the mid-century, inspired by works of classic literature.
• Byzantine Novel: A narrative genre describing the protagonists' perilous journeys full of adventure.
• Moorish Novel: Has its antecedents in border ballads, developing sentimental stories between Moors and Christians at the end of

Factors of Communication

• Issuer: The individual encoding and sending the message.
• Receiver: The individual receiving and decoding the message.
• Message: The content communicated.
• Code: The language used to deliver the message.
• Reference Context: The subject or theme of the message.
• Channel: The medium of communication.

Functions of Communication

• Expressive/Emotional: Focuses on the issuer's feelings (e.g., "I love you").
• Appeals/Conative: Aims to elicit a response from the receiver (e.g., "Sir, you are a buyer").
• Referential/Representative: Focuses on the context (e.g., "Winter rains and cold").
• Poetic: Emphasizes the style of the message (e.g., "Your eyes captivate me").
• Metalinguistic: Focuses on the language itself (e.g., "Antepenultimate accents").
• Phatic: