Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Language and literature for Baccalaureate

Understanding Signs and Semiotics

The signs are defined as everything that represents or evokes something else in any aspect for someone. For something to be considered a sign, it is necessary to have meaning and that there is a receiving agency that can interpret the sign.

Types of Signs

• Vestiges (Indices): The relation of a trace with its meaning is natural. Example: Smoke indicates fire.
• Pictures (Icons): Maintains a relationship of similarity with the meaning. Example: A photograph or drawing.
• Symbols: These signs have an arbitrary relationship with their meaning. Example: Traffic lights or letters of the alphabet.

Language: Natural and Artificial Systems

Language is a social phenomenon based on the capacity that some animal species have to communicate...

The newspaper articles are those whose primary purpose is to report on events and topics of general interest. These texts are contained in so-called mass media, ie print and oral media. 1.Claridad journalese CHARACTERISTICS: informative style avoids ambiguous expressions, of jargon, buzzwords, complex words or sentences too long. A simple lexicon and a well-ordered sentences short and medium to help the reader understand the text. 2.Concisión: Brevity is a key feature at a time with this volume of information. However, we must not confuse brevity with brevedad3.Objetividad all information should be treated with the utmost objectivity. The presence or evaluative preposed adjectives is a sure sign of subjectivism in the treatment of such information...

The Voice Due to You: A Poetic Analysis

The Voice Due to You is a long poem of love in which the poet seeks the beloved beyond the real world. The real world and the beloved are denied by the poet to create an ideal image of womanhood. The beloved becomes a pure concept. The author reduces the lovers to the self and is therefore known as the poet of pronouns.

The entire book is based on these concepts because, as a married person, the poet had to hide the identity of another individual. Furthermore, he believed that love is much easier and simpler when based only on two subjects that complement each other. He breaks all orthodox scores and substantive grammatical categories; he uses metaphors whose symbolism is an accomplice to the structure...

• Overlap: There is no pause between two lines.
• Alliteration: Repetition of a sound or a number equal.
• Onomatopoeia: Imitation of sounds of reality.
• Similicadencia: Based resource use two or more words in a verse.
• Paronomasia: "Sold to me as sold."
• Pleonasm: Adding unnecessarily or redundant words.
• Epithet: Adjective which expresses the quality and included in the substantive.
• Ellipsis: Deleted unnecessary words.
• Asyndeton: Copulative conjunctions are deleted.
• Polysyndeton: Repeated conjunctions that are not needed.
• Anaphora: Repeat one or more words at the beginning of several lines.
• Epiphora: Repeat one or more words at the end.
• Epanadiplosis: Consists of repeating a word at the beginning and end.
• Anadiplosis: What I let go / all throw.
• Parallelism: The

Literary Analysis of Los Santos Inocentes

Los Santos Inocentes was written by Miguel Delibes in 1981, focusing on the themes of estates and chieftaincy in 1960s Castile. The novel serves as a moral denunciation of the feudal state of vassalage that persisted in these estates as a remnant of the past.

The text in question belongs to (-------------------), a book that speaks of (--------------------------).

Narrative Perspectives

The language used by the author varies based on the narrator's position:

• Narrator-chord: Identifies with the characters using an oral language base.
• Narrator-witness: The author remains detached from the action but stays close to the events being narrated.

In this text, we have a narrator (---------------------------). The...

Textual Analysis: Structure and Organization

Regarding the structure, the subject is presented clearly. The arguments are supported by various resources, including:

• Comparison
• Figures of speech: questioning, irony, enumeration, and refutation
• Lexical evaluative devices: hyperbole
• Sociolinguistics: linguistic prejudices and identity

Appropriateness and Journalistic Context

This opinion article belongs to the field of journalism and functions as an argumentative text. The author's purpose is to inform the reader using a standard written register. The text is dominated by enunciative sentences, making the representative function predominant. We also observe the expressive function through:

• Rhetorical questions
• Exclamations
• Evaluative lexis (adjectives)

Regarding...

THEME
is learning history through story and show episodes and incidents that happen to Lazarus. Most of them are of folk and are subordinate to the character, intending to show personality formation process of Lazarus and serve as an explanation to the final state of dishonor to which it arrives. Other issues are hunger, hypocrisy, false honor, poverty, human-solidarity or begging.
OBRA
consists of a prologue and seven treaties that form variable extension letter to unknown person, who is appealing to treat your grace, which tries to justify his case, a situation of shame.
- First three treaties, more extensive and elaborate, describe adventures of lazaro child. Themes that unite them are hungry and cunning.
- From a man treated Lazarus...

Smoking in Pubs? Answer Key

Comprehension (4 Points)

• a) 1) Because their intolerance towards smokers would be censured (line 7).
• 2) Because they were afraid they would become an overprotective state (line 11).
• b) 3) False. The government is going to forbid smoking in all pubs (line 1). (Note: lines 2-3 are also acceptable).
• 4) False. They are examining plans to allow a "smoking-carriage option" (line 4).
• 5) False. The government had been worried about being accused of discriminating against smokers, particularly working-class Labour voters (lines 6-7).
• 6) True. Smoking-related diseases kill more than 100,000 people a year and cost the National Health Service millions of pounds treating people with such diseases (lines 12-13).

Use of English (3 Points)

Lorca's External Structure

The play presents a classical structure, divided into a presentation, middle, and end.

Thematic Analysis

The main theme of the work is the clash between authority and freedom, embodied by two polar characters:

• Bernarda: The mother who enforces silence at the beginning and end of the play.
• Adela: The youngest daughter who rebels against established rules.

These characters represent the struggle between good and evil. Bernarda’s tyranny operates within the limits of the traditional Andalusian society, while Adela’s rebellion is a conscious break from these norms. Other characters, such as the grandmother Maria Josefa, represent "truth" disguised as "madness."

Key Sub-themes

1. Sensual Love and the Pursuit of Men

For these...