Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Language and literature for Baccalaureate

What is the DIN 2345 Standard?

The DIN 2345 standard, published by the German Institute for Standardization in 1998, regulates translation contracts. It defines terms and activities to standardize and unify translation procedures, ensuring a smooth process. Key aspects include the organization of the translation process, handling of the source text (ST) and target text (TT), and revision of the TT.

Organization of a Translation Project

According to DIN 2345, organizing a translation project involves:

• Translator selection
• Client-translator agreements
• Client support for the translator
• Sub-contracting procedures
• Documentation

Requirements Concerning the Source Text (ST)

DIN 2345 outlines specific requirements for the ST:

• The client is responsible for the

Mr. Know-All

W. Somerset Maugham (1874 – 1965)

Literal Comprehension

When the First World War ended, the writer Somerset Maugham decided to travel to Japan from America by ship. It was very difficult to get a good seat on the ship, but he managed to secure a cabin seat. His cabin partner, Max Kelada, was very talkative. At first, the writer thought that he was a Negro, but later he came to know that he was also an Englishman. However, he hated his chatty nature. He introduced himself to everyone on the ship and conducted a lottery auction. He said that he had good knowledge of everything, so they called him "Mr. Know-All". Although alcohol was strictly prohibited, he offered the writer a cocktail.

Once, the writer, Mr. Kelada, and Mr. and Mrs....

Mastering Authentic Neapolitan Pizza

• Why is Naples’s football team mentioned?
  Neapolitans guard pizza recipes with as much passion as they support their football team.
• The rise of Neapolitan pizza:
  “Local Neapolitans started topping their humble flatbreads with tomatoes, and soon the creation became a staple of the city’s cuisine.”
• Defining a wannabe:
  A person who aspires to be something or someone else, often without achieving the status.
• True Neapolitan Pizza Association regulations:
  The association sets strict rules regarding ingredients, dough fermentation, and preparation methods to ensure authenticity.
• DOC Certification requirements:
  For a Neapolitan pizza to be considered DOC, it must utilize specific certified ingredients and adhere to

Appreciation of the Poem ‘The Cherry Tree’

Poem, Poet, and Title

The poem ‘Cherry Tree’ is composed by the well-known Indian English poet Ruskin Bond. The title clearly indicates that the poem pertains to a cherry tree.

The poet had a desire to plant and nurture his own tree. Despite many threats and obstacles, the tree grew into a full-blossomed tree after a wait of eight years. The poet emphasizes the strong inner instinct of the cherry tree to survive and grow on its own.

Important Themes in the Poem

‘The Cherry Tree’ deals with the themes of struggle, resilience, and persistence against all adversities. It serves as a symbol of survival. The poem clearly emphasizes the importance of these qualities in human life. The bond between...

Part Two: Ballads

A. History

Let's explore the history of English ballads using the following word bank:

• France
• Germany
• Italy
• 600's
• 800's
• 1000's
• historic/geographical/social
• language
• literary
• local-interest
• orally
• story details
• tempo (speed of melody)
• traditional

English ballads originated from France, gaining popularity in the 1000's when Geoffrey Chaucer established English as a language of literature and scholarship.

As ballads spread, their language could change entirely. Their tempo and story details might shift slightly, while their historic/geographical/social context often remained consistent. Traditional ballads are written compositions that imitate oral storytelling models.

The primary purpose of traditional ballads was to convey current, local-interest...

Analysis of Blake's "Nurse's Song"

Structure and Versification

The poem comprises four quatrains with an ABCB rhyme scheme. The first two stanzas incorporate internal rhymes in the third line, enhancing the song's calm, rhythmic quality, further amplified by the rolling anapaestic meter. The third stanza, representing the children's voices, features internal rhymes in the first and third lines, perhaps mirroring the repetitive nature of pleading. They mimic the adult's syntax but:

• Counter the authoritative "Come, come" with "No, no."
• Substitute "leave" (stop) with "let" (allow).
• Transform "away" into "play."

In the fourth stanza, the internal rhyme shifts to the first line, as if the Nurse echoes the children, highlighting their symbiotic relationship....

Stop Indications in CTC Territory

At a signal displaying a Stop indication, if no conflicting movement is evident, the train will be governed as follows:

• A crew member must immediately contact the Control Operator (CO), unless the train is within Track and Time (T&T) limits or entering T&T limits from any point other than either end.
• When a train receives these instructions: “After stopping (train) at (location) has authority to pass signal displaying Stop indication,” the train must then move at restricted speed.

Manual Interlockings Operating Procedures

At a signal displaying a Stop indication in manual interlockings, the crew must immediately contact the Control Operator (CO).

Before proceeding into or continuing in CTC Territory,...

Conditions for Movement Authority

• Have received a proceed signal at the next control point.
• Have occupied the next control point.
• Have reached the end of CTC or Manual interlocking limits.

Relaying Authority to Pass a Stop Signal

When direct radio communication is possible, do not allow another employee to relay the authority to pass a signal displaying a Stop indication. When another employee must relay this information, the employee must be qualified on the GCOR.

Switch Correspondence

A flashing switch indicates the switch is out of correspondence. If any of the following conditions are observed, the switch at that location cannot be considered lined and locked unless otherwise advised by signal personnel or another qualified employee at the location:...

Valle-Inclán explained that there are "three ways of seeing the world, artistic or aesthetic: kneeling, standing, or built in the air." The first involves characters that are of a "superior status to the human condition." The second way "up" would be used by Shakespeare, which includes the characters "as if they were our own, like splitting the character of our self, with our own virtues and our own defects." The third way is "a very Spanish way, a way of the demiurge, who does not believe in any way made of the same clay as their puppets."

Bohemian Lights: A Closer Look

Bohemian Lights was serialized in a magazine in Spain. Its book version, published in 1924, shows very significant variations, as it added three scenes with a high content of...

Word Formation: Building Blocks of Language

Key Word Transformations

• Adapt / Adaptation
• Clone / Cloning
• Design / Designer
• Develop / Developer / Development
• Discover / Discoverer / Discovery
• Idea
• Inspiration / Inspire
• Invent / Invention / Inventor
• Observation / Observe / Observer
• Replace / Replacement
• Research / Researcher
• Revolution / Revolutionary / Revolutionize
• Test / Tester

Common Prefixes

• Anti-: Antibiotic, Anti-globalization, Anti-social, Anti-technology
• Bio-: Biotechnology, Bioterrorism
• Inter-: Interactive, Intergalactic, International
• Micro-: Microorganism, Microwave
• Mis-: Misunderstand
• Multi-: Multicolored, Multi-ethnic, Multinational, Multi-talented, Multi-purpose, Multi-story
• Over-: Overproduce, Overspend, Overeat
• Pro-: Pro-GM, Pro-democracy, Probiotic
• Re-