Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Language and literature for Baccalaureate

Textual Cohesion and Modalization in Discourse

This text is characterized by textual cohesion, as its ideas and statements are linked through different mechanisms to comment. | | | First, we highlight the i.e., insistence (the term "strike") keyword writing that is repeated several times. | | | The author refers to this concept through lexical coreference, i.e., by other words or expressions that emphasize the same idea: (..).

Lexical-Semantic Mechanisms

Lexical-semantic mechanisms — keywords, synonyms and coreferential expressions — appear throughout the text. There is mention of place names (Paris (France's capital)) and the presence of terms belonging to a semantic field or conceptual field | | | Morphosyntactic: the predominance of one...

I Pursue a Form by Rubén Darío

I pursue a form that is not my style,
a bud of thought that seeks to be the rose;
it is announced with a kiss that on my lips settles
the impossible embrace of the Venus de Milo.

Green palms adorn the white colonnade;
the stars have foretold me the vision of the Goddess;
and in my soul rests the light as it lies,
the bird of the moon on a calm lake.

And I find nothing but the word that flees;
the initiation of the flute melody that flows;
the boat that sleeps in space as it vogues;

and under the window of my Sleeping Beauty,
the continuous sob of the fountain's stream,
and the great white swan's neck that questions me.

Rubén Darío. Prosas Profanas and Other Poems.

Context and Theme

This poem, entitled "I Pursue

Analyzing Opinion Pieces

(Titled) ... (publication and date). Journalistic genre: Opinion subgenre. Item to be presented subjectively, allowing us to understand the author's (name) thesis.

Signed Article/Summary

Communication elements are present, though unilateral (not occurring simultaneously with the issuer's message, but when the reader receives it).

Therefore, we consider that (title text) responds to the characteristics of expository-argumentative texts. Its internal structure corresponds to the typical organization of such texts:

• Introduction: The author introduces the facts on which to display their position and the focus of the discourse.
• Conclusion: The author closes the linguistic discourse with a summary of views developed in the text

Pop Psychology: Psychology explains the behavior of an individual based on their mental states, manifested in the form of propositional attitudes such as wanting or creating. These mental states refer to something, i.e., they have intentionality, and can be analyzed linguistically as propositional attitudes. These are statements containing a verb that expresses an attitude towards a proposition, e.g., Alex believes the economics teacher is pretty. In this case, Alex holds an attitude (believes that) towards a proposition (the economics teacher is pretty). Thus, we understand the contents of Alex's state of mind given the proposition and can explain their behavior based on that belief.

It's the kind of psychology that's most popular and widespread

Gender Narrative and Its Components

Gender narrative is one in which a narrator tells the story of one or more characters in a specific space and time.

Components

Narrator: This is the voice that tells the narrative story, reporting the facts to the reader.

Points of View

• Omniscient: Knows everything, even the intimate thoughts of the characters. Values events and expresses their views.
• Witness: Objectively describes what they see, without opinion or rating.
• Narrator as Character: A character is considered a narrator. They can be a single character, several (multiple), or the protagonist.

Plot: Various events happen that form the fabric.

Types of Plots

• Real: Acts that occurred objectively.
• Fictional: Fictional stories.
• Plausible: Credible, respecting logic.

Jorge Manrique's Verses on His Father's Death

Verses on the Death of His Father Jorge Manrique is an elegy in which the painful experience of the disappearance of Rodrigo Manrique leads the poet to meditate on death. The couplets are placed within a long stream of literature that addresses the issue of death. Away from the coldness and the ornate cultist scholarship, such poems reflected the preoccupation with death and have a macabre vision of it that causes fear. It contains a number of ideas for consideration by the world as vanity: vanity, contempt of earthly life, the convention of the ubi sunt, the instability of fortune, and the relentless presence of death. The only lyrics are verses of the poem of the 16th to 24th. The couplets are...

Mariano José de Larra: Critical Writings

His newspaper articles are classified into three groups:

• Articles of Manners: These criticized the backward and uncivilized Spanish society of his time. He defended Europeanization and the country's modernization, with French society as a model. Larra intended to help reform these customs.
• Political Articles: These harshly attacked the Carlists and also the moderate-leaning liberal governments.
• Literary Criticism: These items are comments on various literary works. As an author, he is Romantic, but as a critic, he is eclectic. He has a direct and uncomplicated style, though with very careful language. He uses stories inspired by everyday life as examples for his theses, develops small essays, uses irony,

Antonio Machado: Works and Major Themes

In 1903, Antonio Machado published his first book titled "Soledades", composed of 42 poems divided into four sections.

In 1907 he published the same book in an expanded edition, made up of six sections and including poems such as "The Traveler" and "I'll Dream Paths".

Galerías and the New Lyric Conception

His next work is "Galerías", in which Machado tries to create a new lyrical conception: an idea created from an image as a physical metaphor that produces our own consciousness. Symbols such as sleep and memory begin to appear in his poems.

Campos de Castilla and Social Reflection

In 1912 he published "Campos de Castilla", in which, moving beyond the introspective stage, he began a phase of reflection and...

Essential Linguistics Terms

Phoneme

Phoneme: the smallest abstract unit of language. It is an idealized element used to distinguish words; phonemes have the ability to differentiate one word from another.

Sound

Sound: the actual realization of a phoneme. It is the specific way a speaker pronounces a phoneme or a single phonetic segment.

Accent

Accent: the force used to pronounce a syllable; the syllable that receives prominence is called the stressed syllable.

Intonation

Intonation: applies to the entire sentence. It is the melodic curve that expresses the utterance and the speaker's mood.

Morpheme (Monema)

Monema / Morpheme: the element that marks the first articulation of language. It is the smallest unit equipped with both a signifier and a signified....

Phonic Level

• Overlap: When a line is cut and continues into the next.
• Alliteration: Repetition of one or more of the same sounds.
• Onomatopoeia: Imitation of sounds from reality.
• Similicadence: Use of two or more words in the same grammatical accident.
• Paronomasia: Placing two or more words with phonetic similarity nearby.

Morphosyntactic Level

• Pleonasm: Adding unnecessary words to the understanding.
• Epithet: An adjective expressing a quality already included in the name.
• Ellipsis: Deletion of unnecessary words.
• Asyndeton: Copulative conjunctions are deleted.
• Polysyndeton: Repeated conjunctions that are not needed.
• Anaphora: Repeated words at the beginning of several verses.
• Epiphora: Repeating one or more words at the end.
• Epanadiplosis: Repeating a word