Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for History for Other courses

Chief Seattle's Enduring Wisdom on Nature

Chief Seattle, leader of the Suquamish tribe in Washington State, USA, articulated a profound philosophy in his 1855 letter to then-President Franklin Pierce. This powerful document, often referred to as 'A Simple Philosophy,' champions the conservation of nature and the vital importance of maintaining natural balance.

The Interconnectedness of Life

Seattle's letter eloquently portrays the oneness of all life and the symbiotic relationship between humanity and other creatures. It serves as a poignant plea, particularly to the white man, to cease the relentless exploitation of Mother Earth driven by greed. Instead, it advocates for the preservation of nature and a peaceful, harmonious coexistence with all...

Edward the confessor- Harold vs Tostig- William- Battle of hastings. JSDIC.

Loss- King John lost Norm.- E & F broken, 1st concern(king nobles),Own Pol&Econ

E- NAtion - E non ultivate. E Not merely a geo term but once more a nation.

MeLIT - 1150-1250 "The period of Rel record", English was absent inb works

Appealing to courtly tastes, lang of midd low clases F top

1250-1350 " T + Secular Lit In English -- wider diff engl lang & adopted all class

1350-1400- "the Period of GIR". GC - Troilus& Criseyde" - Canter T.

W. Langland- social allegory / John Wycliffe putative transl of BIBLE, Sir gawain

and the Green Knight and the three allegorical religious poems. + 15 th period

Real Arthur.

No one has answered the question of the King Arthur being...

Feudalism (10th-14th Centuries)

Feudalism, a predominantly rural mode of production, emerged after the fall of the Roman Empire and lasted from the 10th to the 14th centuries. It was characterized by the dependency of servants (producers) on feudal lords and the organization of society around estates.

The social hierarchy placed the king at the top, followed by nobles, the bourgeoisie, and finally, the peasants.

The Spread of Feudalism

Several factors contributed to the expansion of feudalism:

• High population growth
• Development of urban structures
• Market development
• The Crusades
• Colonization

These factors were fueled by population growth, technical progress, and the dynamism of certain social groups, such as the bourgeoisie.

The Crusades (11th-13th Centuries)

The Aljafería Palace: Zaragoza's Architectural Jewel

Zaragoza's Ancient Defenses

Zaragoza retains some remnants of its *Roman wall*, built of stone with several rounded towers (or *cubos*), and a section of the *medieval walls* constructed of brick. However, the most important defensive monument of the city is the castle-palace, the **Aljafería**.

The Taifal Palace (11th Century)

The Aljafería Palace was built in the eleventh century as the residence for the Muslim kings (the *Taifa* rulers) of the city. This Moorish palace retains some of its original fortifications. Its quadrangular structure is reinforced by external round turrets, except for the main tower, named the **Troubadour Tower**. This tower is notably high and rectangular. The palace...

Mikhail Gorbachev

Joined the CPSU in 1952 and, after a relatively rapid career in the bureaucracy, was appointed Communist Party Secretary General on March 11, 1985, following the death of his predecessor, Chernenko. He immediately launched his proposal to restructure and modernize the economy and Soviet society, known as perestroika. This reform process had an immediate consequence: the USSR was to limit its international commitments and increasing military spending, especially high since the Red Army was jammed into the war in Afghanistan. To that end, Gorbachev's doctrine of novomyshlenie or "new thinking" meant ending the long conflict between East and West and pursuing standardization. During a time when international relations were marked...

Item 15: The Franco Era (1939-1975)

Introduction

The rebel victory in April 1939 marked the establishment of a dictatorship that lasted 36 years. It evolved and adapted to new domestic and international situations.

Two main stages can be distinguished:

• The first, until 1959, was marked by the establishment of an authoritarian state, strong suppression that swept away liberal democratic achievements, and economic self-sufficiency that brought famine and hardship for most of the population.
• The second phase, from 1959 to 1975, was characterized by economic development and an attempt to institutionalize a regime that was intended to be a rule of law. With the 1973 oil crisis, the agony of the regime was accentuated, and its opponents multiplied.

The...

Victorian England (1837-1901)

Trade and Merchant-Marine Fleet

Free trade propelled the growth of the merchant-marine fleet.

Political System

The liberal bourgeoisie gained more power, setting laws and acts between 1832 and 1885.

Parliamentary Reform Acts

• 1st Reform Act (1832): Redistributed Parliament seats, impacting liberal and conservative representation.
• 2nd Reform Act (1867): Extended voting rights to more sectors of society.
• 3rd Reform Act (1884): Introduced universal male suffrage.

Women gained the right to vote in 1931.

Liberal Parties and Self-Governance

With the rise of liberal parties, workers gained the right to vote. The push for self-government in Ireland led to the emergence of nationalism and support for immigrants. Following World War...

Biography of Alfred Nobel

Alfred Nobel was born into a family of engineers. When he was nine years old, his family moved to Russia, where he and his brothers received an excellent education in natural sciences and humanities. He spent much of his youth in St. Petersburg, where his father installed an arms factory, which went bankrupt in 1859.

He returned to Sweden in 1863, completing the investigations there that had begun in the field of explosives: in 1863, he created a detonator controlled by the explosions of nitroglycerin (invented in 1846 by the Italian Ascanio Sobrero). In 1865, he perfected the system with a detonator of mercury, and in 1867, he created dynamite, a plastic explosive resulting from nitroglycerin absorbed in a porous solid...

The Constitutional Process

Within weeks of his election, the courts began the work for drafting the Constitution. The Cortes in 1977 immediately became Constituent Cortes.

A Constitutional Commission was elected, and seven members were chosen to produce a first draft of the constitutional text. These seven members, the "fathers of the constitution," were Gabriel Cisneros, Miguel Herrero de Mignon, and José Pedro Pérez Llorca (UCD); Gregorio Peces-Barba (PSOE); Pauline Julien (PCE); Miquel Roca, representing Catalan and Minority PNV; and Manuel Fraga (AP). The absence of a representative of the PNV, linked to the question of "historical rights," had serious consequences because the main Basque nationalist party ultimately did not support the...

Pre-Columbian America and the Age of Discovery:

How did early humans get to what is now North, Central, and South America? The Three Sisters, Tenochtitlan. For what major reasons did the 'Age of Discovery' take place in the 15th century? Maya, Aztec (Mexica), Inca, Animism, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, Conquistadors. What factors increased the Conquistador's success in 'conquering' early civilizations? The 3 G's, La Maliche. How were the English Different? Roanoke - settler demographics.

- What happened? Sir Walter Raleigh, Virginia Dare, John White. Which European nation had the worst reputation for their treatment of the Indigenous populations of Central and South America? Impact of other European colonization in the Americas (...