Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geology for University

The Formation of Minerals

The atoms will come apart, change themselves, and then form a new mineral.

Types of Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphic rocks are divided into two categories: foliated and non-foliated. Be able to determine which rock is foliated and which is not.

Foliated Rocks

Foliated rocks are patterned rocks where you can see changes in the rock.

Non-foliated Rocks

Non-foliated rocks are solid color rocks.

Size, Shape, Site, Shadow, Texture, Pattern, Association, Tone.

Understanding Maps

Map: A representation usually on a flat surface of the whole or a part of an area.

Scale: Map Scale = Map distance/Earth distance

Be able to give a U.S.P.L.S. description of certain features/locations.

From the left to the right.

R7E, T14S, Sec.1, NE, SW, SE.

Visual Design Principles and Structural Elements

Anomaly: Anomaly is the presence of an irregularity in a design where regularity is still prevalent. For example, cracks in a smooth wall attract attention. It transforms the design to relieve monotony and break regularity.

The Role of Gradation and Progression

Gradation demands not only a gradual change but that the gradual change is made orderly. It generates an illusion and creates a sense of progression.

• Gradation on the map: Rotation in the plane and progression in the plane.
• Gradation in space: Spatial rotation and spatial progression.
• Gradation in the figure: Union or subtraction and tension or compression.

Radiation and Multi-Symmetric Arrangements

Radiation: This involves modules repeated or...

History and Functions of Money

Monetary Theory: Money is a generally accepted medium of exchange for goods and services.
Evolution of Money: In the primitive period, before the advent of money, trade relied on barter. As markets grew, commodities with high acceptance (such as wheat or cattle) began to act as monetary intermediaries in transactions. With the advancement of civilization, precious metals (gold and silver) took over this role. Following the 1930s crisis, commodity money transitioned into abstract or symbolic money backed solely by state authority rather than intrinsic metal value, yet retaining purchasing power in the market.

Historically, two periods are distinguished:

• Natural Money Period: Money circulated freely without state intervention,

Seaworthiness Certificate

Seaworthiness is the certificate of seaworthiness, which accredits that the craft complies with the regulatory conditions required and gives evidence of the knowledge of the classification and the next fixed date of the inspection. It is always issued by the Maritime Administration, first verifying the initial inspection of all vessels except those marked "C", which are exempt themselves, and the expedition of the certificate is automatic.

Collision: Definition and Legislation

According to the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs) and the Brussels Convention, a collision is any event against anything else at sea. The competent authorities (maritime authority or Safety at Sea) must be notified,...

Introduction to Economics

Economics comes from the Greek words oikos (house) and nomos (administration). It is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Its purpose is to maximize our benefits and minimize our problems.

Supply and Demand

Demand represents the quantity and quality of goods and services that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various market prices during a specific period. The demand curve illustrates an inverse relationship between price and the quantity demanded: as the price increases, the quantity demanded decreases (ceteris paribus).

Supply indicates the quantities of goods or services that producers are willing to offer at different prices and given conditions....

Planning: Basic Concepts and Elements

1. Mention the basic elements and concepts of planning. The basic concepts of planning are definitions that are presented below:

• Objectives: They are the starting point of planning. They answer the question of where we want to go and how we will know when we have arrived.
• Plan: It is the course of action anticipated to achieve the objectives.
• Decision making: The measure of selecting among different courses of future action. It determines what will be done, when, how, and who will act when the need arises.
• Forecasting: Visualizing the future and identifying limitations and factors that can influence or unfavorably or favorably affect the future of the company.

2. What is the company mission?

The mission is the...

Wood Composition

Wood is composed of fibrous and healthy cellulose, solidified with water, cellulose (base is 40-50%), hemicellulose (prevents cracks, 20-25%, the fiber acts as cement), tannin (color), lignin (impermeability, 25-30%), alkaloids and mineral substances. Essential elements: carbon 46-50%, oxygen 38-42%, hydrogen 6%, nitrogen 1%, and minerals 10% (sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium). It is used in construction because it is an elastic, resistant and durable material.

Parts of a Trunk

• Bark: the outer layer formed by an impermeable tissue.
• Liber: a thin, not very resistant membrane, made of filaments. Used in construction (cork).
• Cambium: located between the bark and the wood, it is responsible for the growth of the tree.
• Sapwood

1. Understanding Clay

Clay is an earthy mineral substance composed mainly of hydrous aluminum silicate (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O). It is plastic when wet, hard when dry, and rock-like when fired.

2. Ceramic Body Formulation

A ceramic body is a blend of natural clays and non-plastic materials, such as sand or grog, formulated by a chemist for specific purposes and firing temperatures.

3. Plasticity in Clay

Plasticity is the property of clay that allows it to be formed and manipulated without cracking or sagging. To increase plasticity, one can add 10–20% ball clay or 1–2% bentonite.

4. Greenware Stages

Greenware refers to ceramic ware that has not been bisque-fired. The three stages are:

• Plastic: Highly workable.
• Leather-hard: Most moisture has evaporated,

Factors Determining the Selection of an Intravenous Site

When selecting a site for intravenous (IV) access, consider the following factors:

• Age of the patient
• Dominant hand and arm
• Level of consciousness
• Condition of the skin
• Avoid areas that are injured or damaged
• Characteristics of the veins: choose veins that are good, palpable and straight
• Avoid areas of flexion and joints
• Avoid the arm on the side of a mastectomy or an arteriovenous fistula
• Patient preference
• Duration and type of treatment
• Medications to be administered and their rate of administration

Complications of Intravenous Therapy

1. Infiltration

Causes: Displacement of the catheter or perforation of the vein.

Manifestations: Cold skin, pallor of the area, local discomfort, pain and edema. There...

Origins of Sedimentary Rocks

Sediment has two principal origins:

1. Detrital Sediment: Originates from the accumulation of transported solid clasts derived from mechanical and chemical weathering. These deposits are termed detrital deposits, and the rocks they form are classified as detrital sedimentary rocks.
2. Chemical Sediment: Originates in large measure from soluble material produced through chemical weathering. When dissolved substances precipitate through organic or inorganic processes, they form chemical sediment; rocks formed from these deposits are termed chemical sedimentary rocks.

Detrital Sedimentary Rocks

The fundamental constituents of most rocks in this category are clay minerals and quartz. Other common minerals in detrital rocks include...