Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geology for Secondary education

Big Bang Theory

Big bang theory:

1. Both matter and energy in space were concentrated in one point called the primeval atom, whose density and temperature must have been very high.
2. The primordial atom then expanded rapidly in a large explosion or "Big Bang" and began the expansion that generated the universe.
3. Subatomic particles formed first, and later the simplest atoms, hydrogen and then helium, were produced.
4. Temperatures fell and then formed the nebulae, galaxies, stars, planets, etc. In the stars chemical processes created the elements.

The elements appeared and different planets of the solar system formed: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Formation of the Solar System

On the formation of the solar system: The Sun...

Class D Words:

Words can be classified as: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, determiners, verbs, adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions.

Grammatical Categories

Variable and Invariable Categories:

Variable: Words that vary to express meaning through flexive morphemes of gender and number. The verb is also variable because it changes its morphological form to express person, number, time, manner and aspect.

Invariable: Words that do not change their morphological form. These are adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions.

Interjections:

Words that do not belong to any category are interjections.

The Nouns:

Nouns are words used to classify and name beings and identities.

• Common and Proper: Common nouns designate all beings of the same class. Proper nouns identify

The Water Cycle

The water cycle is the continuous process of water movement between the different compartments of the hydrosphere.

How the Water Cycle Works

• Evaporation: The sun heats the water, causing vapor to rise into the upper layers of the atmosphere.
• Condensation: Water vapor condenses to form clouds.
• Transport: Wind moves clouds inland, where colder temperatures increase condensation.
• Precipitation: Water falls as rain or snow.
• Collection: Water flows into rivers and seeps into the ground, eventually returning to the sea.

Atmospheric and Planetary Phenomena

Winds

Winds are caused by temperature variations. Cold air tends to descend while warm air rises, creating wind currents that move between warm and cold regions.

Barometer

A barometer measures...

Geomorphology: Origin and Modification of Reliefs

Origin of Relief Structures

Geological structures were formed across different geological ages. For instance, the Andes Mountains were formed during the Cenozoic Era, while the mountains of Tandil date back to the Precambrian Era.

Factors Modifying the Earth's Relief

Relief modification is driven by both internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) forces.

Endogenous Factors (Internal Forces)

These forces originate within the Earth and include:

• Orogenesis: The process of mountain formation, typically occurring when one tectonic plate subducts beneath another, creating folds and fractures that give rise to raised ridges.
• Volcanic and Seismic Phenomena: Including earthquakes and tsunamis.
• Epirogenesis:

Reliefs of Argentina

To the west, the mountain area presents new and older structures in central and eastern Argentina. Youthful structures in some high altitude regions have development exceeding 6000 meters. This structure forms the Cordillera de los Andes, and its ridges and mountains are oriented in a north-south direction. To the east, the height of these elevations is decreasing. To the south of Argentina, in the Patagonian forest ecoregion, the Andes begin to lose altitude and dive under the sea east of Tierra del Fuego. Toward the center and east of the country are older masifs or plateaus that reach 2500 meters in height. These structures are much older than the Cordillera of the Andes, so their slopes are less steep. Many of these...

Geological Cycle: Processing fee of construction and destruction of land relief. Relief: The arc of volcanoes and surface forms of internal and external actors involved. Internal: Through volcanic activity and plate tectonics, the rise and land subsidence occur. External: Generates initial relief; actuates the living climate and water wear away the upper part of the relief, depositing in low areas. In the relief action, it becomes destructive. Great Plains act on the land filled with the inner forces. Volcanic Activity: SLG materials inside the Earth are forced to come to the surface or cracks. This occurs through an increase in the cap of the lithosphere, causing the melting of rocks. Subduction Zone: Friction between tectonic plates produces...

Biotechnology and Biological Applications

Biotechnology: The application of any form of technology on living organisms to make or modify plants and animals. Cryopreservation is a procedure to maintain substances, microorganisms, and biological materials in good condition at low temperatures. Germplasm consists of all the genes that show the variability of a population. Biopharmaceuticals are custom-made pieces of DNA bases capable of reaching the origin of an illness to fix it without affecting other organs and healthy cells.

Agricultural Technology and Micropropagation

Micropropagation is a micro-multiplication process that is quick and performed in vitro; it can use any plant tissue, cell, or organ.

Advantages of Greenhouse Production

• Increased

The landscape around us changes due to the action of external forces acting on its surface. The main energy source is solar energy.

Landscape Transformation by External Forces

The Role of Solar Energy

The amount of solar energy varies with latitude: the sun's rays do not strike all points of the Earth's surface in the same way. The energy received decreases as a function of latitude from the equatorial zones towards the poles, producing a thermal imbalance which is compensated by the flow of energy in the form of heat. This heat propagates through convective cells and is responsible for:

• Maintaining appropriate conditions for the development of life in the biosphere.
• Causing wind, clouds, rain, and snow, forming rivers, torrents, valleys, and glaciers.

The Isabel II System Crisis (1856-1868)

The last stage was dominated by the return of the Moderate Party to power and its alternation with the Liberal Union. The Moderate Party had gained international prestige with colonial pretensions. Internally, the action of the government was very authoritarian, acting outside of the courts and exercising strong repression against political groups. Opposition to the regime was growing, and new political groups emerged, such as the Democrats, who defended universal suffrage, and the Republicans, who advocated the abolition of the monarchy.

The Revolution of 1868

The political and economic crisis triggered the first revolution against the monarchy. The Unionists, Progressives, and Democrats joined forces to...

We frequently use the word energy. In the late nineteenth century, science endorsed this concept and gave it a more precise meaning. Many properties of matter can be used to define different kinds of energy that can transform into each other and transfer from some bodies to others.

Kinetic and Potential Energy

An object in motion can collide with another and produce changes. This is known as kinetic energy and can be expressed mathematically as: E_c = 1/2mv². An object located at a certain height may fall, start moving, and push another. This is gravitational potential energy, and we can write it as: E_p = mgh.

Energy Conservation

Energy is conserved in any transformation. If an object falls from a height, it loses potential energy, but that energy...