Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Secondary education

Economic Impacts of the Black Death in England

A Turning Point in Medieval Europe

These are wheat price data and wages in England, expressed in index numbers. They provide insights into the general history of agriculture in Western Europe between the Middle Ages (500) and industrialization (1850), specifically focusing on the period of 1320-1479. This era encompasses the High Middle Ages, the period before, during, and after the Great Famine and Black Death of the fourteenth century.

The data reveals a clear turning point around 1340-1360, coinciding with the onset of the devastating crisis of the fourteenth century. This period witnessed a significant shift in the economic landscape of England and Western Europe.

Key Themes:

• The evolution of the

Industrial Sectors and Business Models

• Heavy Industry: Large-scale production facilities, such as steel manufacturing and shipbuilding.
• Light Industry: Manufacturing of smaller consumer goods, such as car parts and television sets.
• Manufacturing Industry: The production of goods, including consumer products.
• Service Industry: Providing services to people, such as tourism or banking.
• High-Technology: Industries involving advanced computing, such as software development.
• Low-Technology: Industries involving little or no computer technology.

Ownership and Government Policy

• Privatization: The transfer of state-owned assets to private companies, such as selling state railways.
• Nationalization (State Ownership): When an industry is owned and operated by the

Isolationist USA and the Return to Normalcy

In 1917, President Wilson took the USA into World War I. It was a controversial decision. Wilson wanted the USA to take a lead in the League of Nations, but he needed the support of Congress. It was formed by political enemies, which brought him down. Isolationists won the debate.

In 1920, Republican President Warren Harding promised a return to normalcy. Over the next 10 years, the USA became richer as its economy boomed.

The Economic Boom of the 1920s

Foundations of Industrial Strength

The USA was a vast country, rich in natural resources with a growing population. Its home market was large and expanding. The USA was a leading oil producer and saw the rise of new technology, a new film industry, and...

Introduction

A population pyramid is a bar graph that illustrates the population structure by age and gender in a specific location at a given time. This population pyramid corresponds to _____________ in ______________. The total population of this country, region, or city is __________ inhabitants.

The vertical axis displays the population in 5-year age intervals, with the exception of the final group, which includes the population over _____ years old.

The horizontal axis shows values, usually expressed as a percentage of the total population, though it can also be expressed in millions of people. The left side of the graph represents the number of males in each age group, while the right side represents females.

Birth Rate

This population pyramid...

The Industrial Revolution: Why Britain Led the Way

The Industrial Revolution (IR) was a transformative period spanning the 1700s and 1800s, characterized by profound changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation. Consequently, these shifts dramatically affected the cultural, political, economic, and social conditions in Britain.

Britain was the first country in the world to experience this industrial transformation. This was due to a confluence of factors, including a massive increase in population, significant improvements in agriculture, better transportation networks, and the ability to obtain raw materials easily. This analysis focuses on the most critical factors that led to the beginning of this revolution.

Defining the Context

7am: time to get up; 7:09: breakfast time; 8:01: off 2 school, off 2 work; 8:30: the eggs were schriveled and the toast was like stone; 9:15: time to clean; 10: the sun rise; 10:15: the garden sprinklers whirled up in golden founts; 12noon: the house lets the dog in; 2pm: the regiments of mice hummed; 2:15: the dog was gone; 2:35: bridge tables sprouted from patio walls; 4: the tables folded; 4:30: the nursery walls glowed; 5: the bath filled with clear hot water; 6-8: the dinner dishes manipulated like magic tricks; 9: the beds warmed their hidden circuits; 9:05: the house plays the poem "twcsr"; 10: the house began to die

19th Century Britain: Social and Political Transformations

The Genesis of Modern Policing: Robert Peel and the "Bobbies"

Sir Robert Peel, serving as Prime Minister, was instrumental in the creation of the modern police force. The officers who worked for him became affectionately known as "bobbies," a direct reference to his name. This marked a significant step in establishing organized law enforcement in England.

Evolving Labor Laws and Working Conditions

Significant changes in working conditions gradually emerged, particularly impacting child and youth labor:

• Children under 9 years of age were prohibited from employment.
• Boys under 14 years could work a maximum of 48 hours per week or 9 hours per day.
• Young men (under 18 years) were restricted to

Imperialism

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of developed countries took control of other regions and lands all over the world. These lands became colonies and formed part of the various colonial empires. The objective of imperialism was political control and economic exploitation of the colonies.

The Causes

Imperial expansion was mainly a result of the rise of finance capitalism. The increase in production forced industrialised countries, such as Germany and Great Britain, to look for new markets outside Europe, where they could find new sources of raw materials and cheap sources of energy, sell manufactured goods, and invest capital.

There were also other reasons for the development of imperialism:

• International Prestige:

Kingdoms of Castilla and León

The kingdoms of Castilla and León were unified by Ferdinand III. In the 11th century it expanded to Toledo under Alfonso III. In the 12th century it extended to Cuenca, and in the 13th century it reached Córdoba under Ferdinand III and Sevilla under Alfonso X and the Cádiz taifa. Only one taifa remained: the kingdom of Granada. It is called a kingdom because people from surrounding areas fled to this taifa, so it grew larger and larger until it became a kingdom.

Key territorial expansions

• 11th century: expansion to Toledo (Alfonso III)
• 12th century: expansion to Cuenca
• 13th century: extension to Córdoba (Ferdinand III)
• 13th century: conquest of Sevilla (Alfonso X) and the Cádiz taifa
• Surviving taifa: Granada —

The Industrial Revolution includes all the changes to goods production and consumption resulting from the incorporation of machines into industrial manufacturing.

• Occurred over a long period of time
• Slow and constant progress
• Affected other sectors
• Changed the economy and society

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain around 1870 due to favourable economic and demographic factors.

• Agricultural Revolution
• Demographic Revolution
• Modernisation of transport
• Growth of financial means
• Availability of energy sources and raw materials

Agricultural Revolution

• Technical progress
  • Triennial (three-field) rotation was replaced by the