Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Secondary education

In the second half of the 15th century, Europe entered a period of demographic and economic recovery. During this time, the bourgeoisie prospered and the monarchy became a more powerful force.

The Modern Age

A New Historical Period

The Modern Age (15th-18th centuries) is generally considered to have begun with the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 or with the discovery of America in 1492, and it ended with the French Revolution in 1789.

The Modern Age is divided into several sub-periods:

* 16th century: Renaissance period * 17th century: Baroque period * 18th century: Enlightenment and Absolutism

Changes in the 15th and 16th Centuries

From the mid-15th century to the 16th century, the international landscape underwent significant changes due to these events:

* The disappearance of the Byzantine Empire: Following the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, Western Christianity felt increasingly under threat from...

Labor Conflicts in the 19th Century

The life of a 19th-century American industrial worker was far from easy. Even in good times, wages were low, hours long, and working conditions hazardous. Little of the wealth which the growth of the nation had generated went to its workers. The situation was worse for women and children, who made up a high percentage of the workforce in some industries and often received but a fraction of the wages a man could earn. Periodic economic crises swept the nation, further eroding industrial wages and producing high levels of unemployment.

At the same time, the technological improvements, which added so much to the nation's productivity, continually reduced the demand for skilled labor. Yet the unskilled labor pool...

Key Demographic Indicators and Definitions

Understanding population changes requires defining core indicators:

• CBR (Crude Birth Rate): The number of births per population in a specific period.
• CDR (Crude Death Rate): The number of deaths per population in a specific period.
• TFR (Total Fertility Rate): An estimate of the average number of children a woman has during her lifetime.
• RNI (Rate of Natural Increase): The measurement of the difference between births and deaths.
• PD (Population Density): The ratio between the number of people and the size of the area they occupy.

Global Population Dynamics and Trends

Current and Projected World Population

Today, the world's population is approximately 7,000 million (7 billion) and is estimated to reach 9,000...

Growth of the Economy and Bourgeoisie

Economy and population expanded along the 18th century.

Population Growth

European population increased from 100 million people to 200 million in the last half of the 18th century. The factors that contributed to this population growth were:

• the increase of agricultural production.
• fewer epidemics.
• rise of the birth rate.
• the decrease of the death rate.

The population growth had several consequences:

• increase of the agricultural production.
• more consumers to buy all kind of goods.
• economic expansion.

The Development of Agriculture and Manufacturing

(economic expansions). Factors to increase agricultural production were:

• new areas were cultivated (pastures and forests were cleared out).
• New crops such as potatoes and corn

Another Africa

Kukuyuan Tea Company: Imperial Ambitions

During a meeting, a journalist discussed a tea company named “Kukuyuan Tea Company”. Their objective was to increase profits, leading them to expand operations to Kenya.

Kenya: A Strategic Colonial Target

Kenya was chosen for its fertile land, abundant rivers suitable for cultivation, a large labor force, and perceived security. The Industrial Revolution's impact on population dynamics meant a readily available workforce in the colonies. Significant scientific progress also suggested opportunities for new discoveries and knowledge acquisition in the region. From their perspective, the concept of 'white supremacy' justified their control over indigenous populations and the 'civilization' of the region....

Greece: Main and Big Ideas

Main Ideas

• Early in its history, Greece was the home of a great civilization, but it was later ruled by foreign powers.
• The Greek language, the Orthodox Church, and varied customs have helped shape Greece’s culture.
• In Greece today, many people are looking for new economic opportunities.

Big Idea

As the home of one of the Western world’s oldest civilizations, Greece is trying to reclaim its place as a leading country in Europe.

Religion in Greece: The Orthodox Church

A branch of Christianity that dates back to the Byzantine Empire.

Life in Greece’s Rural Mountain Villages

People are isolated: they grow crops, raise sheep and goats, and socialize in the village square.

Italy: Main and Big Ideas

Main Ideas

• Italian history

Did All Americans Benefit from the Boom?

Farmers and workers in many other industries, such as coal, leather, and textiles, did not benefit much.

• Coal suffered from competition from oil and electricity companies.
• Leather and textiles faced domestic competition.
• Industries struggled to compete with cheap labor in the South.
• Growth of industries, but no new jobs (machinery doubled production).

42% of Americans lived below the poverty line. Millions of unemployed people didn't share in the boom. It was a consumer-led boom, driven by ordinary families buying things for their homes, so demand began to tail off.

Chicago in the 1920s

Chicago was one of America's biggest cities.

It was a center of the steel, meat, and clothing industries that involved unskilled...

Unit 1: Population Evolution and Distribution

1. Evolution of the Spanish Population Since the 19th Century

The Spanish population began to grow steadily, albeit at a slower rate than in other European countries. By the second half of the 19th century, the population reached 15 million, eventually rising to 18.6 million due to falling death rates.

During the 20th century, Spain's population grew considerably, doubling by the early 1980s. Key historical factors include:

• 1900–1917: Significant emigration to America, with over 200,000 people leaving.
• 1918–1919: The flu pandemic caused a high number of deaths.
• Spanish Civil War: Resulted in the loss of 600,000 people.
• 1960–1975: Internal migration from rural to urban areas and emigration to Western