Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Secondary education

Migration movements are movements of people from their countries of origin to others that may be permanent or temporary.

• The movement from the place of origin to a destination is called emigration. The person who performs it is an emigrant.
• In the place of destination, the arrival of people from other countries receives the name of immigration. People arriving are called immigrants.

The difference between immigrants and emigrants in a region is net migration. Immigrants, as they provide an effective increase, add to the total population, while emigrants who leave must be subtracted.

Net migration = Immigration - Emigration

• If the number of immigrants is higher than that of emigrants, net migration is positive and the population increases.
• If the

Factors Influencing Tourism

Tourism is subject to two major factors: natural and human.

Natural and Human Factors

• Natural factors: The natural relief can be abrupt (skiing in winter) or unchanged (mountaineering, hiking), while the climate supports sun and beach activities, water sports, and spas.
• Human factors: These include economic elements, such as the increase in living standards and currency fluctuations that make holidays cheaper.
• Technical factors: Improvements in transportation (commercial aviation, roads, and highways) are abundant and varied. The structure of accommodation includes hotels, apartments, guesthouses, cottages, and more. Additionally, the strategy of multinational tour operators makes tourism more affordable.
• Cultural factors:

The Old Regime: Economy and Society

Agriculture and Economic Life

During the Old Regime, agriculture was the most important source of wealth. Only a small portion of land could be considered private property; the rest was linked to the Church, the nobility, or the Crown. Land held by nobles was known as seigneurial land, while other parts were divided into small plots for peasants.

As agriculture was primarily for subsistence, there was no specialization, and trade was scarce. Crops were grown in open fields, utilizing fallow periods for cereal production. Livestock production was insufficient, and harvests often failed, leading to periodic crises of subsistence.

Demographics and Urban Life

Demographics during this period were characterized by little...

Understanding Industrial Development

The location of industries became dependent on factors such as new energy sources, efficient and low-cost transportation, and proximity to consumption centers like cities.

Mature industries that emerged during the industrialization process faced crises in the 1970s due to outdated production methods, obsolete products, and competition from countries with lower production costs.

Landscapes of Industrial Development

• Based on the use of new information technologies for instant data transmission and robotics for automated work.
• Work often takes place in smaller factories, as new technologies allow for splitting the manufacturing process into phases performed in separate facilities.
• Production results in small series

Trade involves the purchase and sale of goods in order to meet the needs of the population. This former activity has allowed contact between cultures. Subsequently, with the onset of currency, it was possible to give a more accurate value to goods.

Domestic Trade

Domestic trade takes place within a country.

• Wholesale: Carried out by wholesalers who purchase large quantities of goods, sold to producers and other traders.
• Retail: Involves selling small quantities directly to the public.

Foreign Trade

Foreign trade is what a country conducts with other countries, involving exports and imports.

The Trade Balance

The trade balance is the difference between the value of goods a country sells abroad and the value of goods it buys from other countries:

• If the

1. Population of the EU: Slow Growth and Aging

Almost 500 million people live in the countries that make up the EU. The population grows very little. The low birth rate, an average fertility rate of 1.5 children per woman, means that natural population growth is slow. The population over 65 years represents 16% of the total and has increased for two reasons: the adult population is very large, and life expectancy is high. The percentage of the population under 15 years is decreasing. The European population is aging.

High Percentage of Immigrants

The EU increasingly welcomes immigrants. In 2004, the population increased. Germany, France, and the United Kingdom were the 21 main host countries for immigrants. Later, Italy and Spain became priority...

Key Historical and Economic Terms Defined

Credit

A banking and financial instrument. New commercial techniques were very expensive, and long-distance trade expeditions were financed through credit.

Exchange Letters (Bills of Exchange)

These were created to avoid the need for merchants to travel with large sums of money, thereby reducing the risk of theft.

Local Market Fair

A weekly gathering where local farmers would go to town to sell their products.

Major Trade Fair

A larger, often annual, event that lasted for extended periods. Foreign merchants would attend, facilitating significant trade and profit.

Hanseatic League

A powerful community of merchants operating across the Atlantic and Baltic Sea regions, whose success depended heavily on their established...

Where Do We Live?

The population is distributed unevenly over the Earth. It is concentrated in sites that have favorable physical characteristics: Areas with abundant water, temperate climates, valleys, plains, and mineral and energy resources. Factors related to tradition, economy, and politics also play a role: the antiquity of populated areas, economic activity, and government.

Large Population Concentrations

Over 90% of the world's inhabitants live in the Northern Hemisphere, where there are three major population centers:

• East and South Asia: Home to more than half of the world's population, including the two most populous countries on Earth: China and India.
• Europe: Contains more than 10% of the world's population. Two of the most densely

The Middle Ages: Foundations and Early Developments

Unit VI: The Early Medieval Period

1. Chronology of the Middle Ages

   Locate the Middle Ages chronologically, indicating the start and end years, centuries, and key events. Also, describe the subdivision into the High and Late Middle Ages.

2. Germanic Peoples and Their Influence

   Name six Germanic tribes.

3. Create a summary table indicating the political and social organization, economic activities, and beliefs of the Germanic peoples.

4. What is Gefolge?

5. Differentiate between the period of peaceful invasion and the period of massive invasion of the Roman Empire by Germanic tribes.

6. What were the Foederati contracts?

7. Germanic Kingdoms and Political Organization

   What were the Germanic Kingdoms? How were they politically

Bourbon Absolutism in Spain

The first Spanish Bourbons followed the example of their French relatives, implementing a model of centralist absolutism. All power resided in the monarch, and the traditional Cortes (parliaments) were largely suppressed.

Centralization of Power

To govern, the king was aided by advisors or secretaries, appointed by the monarch and meeting in the Cabinet, which functioned as a council of ministers. The Cortes largely disappeared, with the exception of the Castilian Cortes, and legislative functions were controlled by institutions loyal to the monarch. The councils, particularly the Council of Castile, continued to exist but their function became purely advisory.

Territorial Unification and New Plant Decrees

The Bourbons...