Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Secondary education

Growth of Medieval Cities

• Improvement in agriculture, particularly **ploughing** techniques.
• Increased food supply led to population growth, transforming towns into cities.
• This growth began in countries such as Italy, where ancient cities founded by the **Romans** had never completely disappeared.
• Urban areas also grew up in new places, such as Russia and Scandinavia.
• Cities often lacked a sewer system.
• Inside the city walls, houses were **crowded** together and streets were narrow.
• The center of daily life was the square, where the market was held.
• Monasteries and convents were also built in urban areas.
• Universities were founded, replacing monasteries as the main source of knowledge.

Urban Society and Social Groups

• A new social group emerged: the *

The Western Roman Empire followed a different evolution to the Byzantine Empire.

byzantine

The lands of Western Europe were occupied by peoples of Germanic origin.

germanic

The Germanic people came from Central Asia and settled for centuries near the borders of the Roman Empire.

nomadic

Germanic people mainly lived in villages and camps.

farming

Germanic people were organised into tribes, led by a tribal chief.

assembly

warriors

An increase in population and the need to seek pastures for cattle caused the Germanic people to move to Western Europe.

western

Some of the Germanic tribes that pushed the boundaries of the Roman Empire during the 3rd century took advantage of its weakness to settle there.

weaknessThese tribes settled in the territory of the Western...

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was a period of profound economic and social changes, caused by the widespread use of machinery in production. It occurred in two stages: the first began around 1760, and the second in 1870.

Demographic Growth and Public Health

The English population grew slowly until the 18th century as both the birth rate and the death rate were high. In the late 18th century, however, there was high and sustained population growth. This was because the death rate decreased, while the birth rate continued to be high. The death rate decreased for several reasons:

• Nutrition: This improved, and potatoes became a basic food.
• Personal and public hygiene.
• Public health: Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine

Global E-waste 2014: Quantities and Resources

The amount of global e-waste — discarded electrical and electronic equipment — reached 41.8 million tonnes in 2014, according to a new United Nations University (UNU) report.

The Global E-waste Monitor 2014: Quantities, Flows and Resources provides an unprecedented level of detail and accuracy about the size of the world's e-waste challenge, ongoing progress in establishing specialized e-waste collection and treatment systems, and the outlook for the future.

The bulk of global e-waste in 2014 (almost 60%) consisted of discarded kitchen, laundry, and bathroom equipment. Personal information and communication technology (ICT) devices — such as mobile phones, personal computers, and printers —...

The construction sector in Barranquilla presents significant advantages, but the risks associated with increased building development could cause serious problems for the city and its society. Conversely, halting construction could hinder population management. Barranquilla, known as the "Golden Door" of Colombia, plays a crucial role in commerce. The most significant risks of new construction in Barranquilla are environmental damage and population increase. On the other hand, if Barranquilla stops these kinds of projects, it may not grow as a commercial city.

Environmental Impact of Construction

Construction activities pose considerable environmental threats due to the extensive use of chemicals and the reduction of oxygen in the air. Therefore,...

Radical Islam

Radical Islam, or Islamic fundamentalism, advocates a strict and radical application of Islamic principles, including:

• Observance of Sharia, or Islamic law, which imposes strict moral and religious ideas.
• The grouping of Muslim countries into a political union.

To achieve its objectives, proponents believe Muslims should:

1. Confront Western culture, especially that of the USA.
2. Depose governments in Arab countries allied with the West and replace them with Islamic governments.
3. Eliminate Western influence from these countries.
4. Some use terrorism.

In recent decades, Islamic fundamentalism has directly influenced governments such as Iran and increased its influence in others, for example, Afghanistan, Egypt, Algeria, Palestine, and Lebanon.

Latin

Historical Development of the World's Population

Definition: A population is a group of people who live in a territory or a place at a particular moment in time.

World Population until the Industrial Revolution

From the Neolithic Revolution onwards, population growth has been determined by agricultural areas, the natural environment, and catastrophic events such as wars and epidemics. After the Black Death epidemic in the 14th century, the world population slowly recovered.

Historical estimates: 1650 — 516 million inhabitants. 1750 — 791 million.

World Population: 19th to 21st Centuries

The Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century and developed significantly during the middle of the 19th century, was a great force for change behind...

Spain: A Historical Look at Migration Patterns

Has Spain always been a destination country? A look at its history reveals significant shifts in migration patterns:

• 1898: Spain loses its last major colonies, Cuba and the Philippines, leading to an increase in the peninsular population.
• 1914-1918: World War I.
• 1936-1939: Spanish Civil War. Political refugees seek asylum in France and Mexico.
• 1939-1945: World War II.
• 1950s-1960s:
  • Domestic Migration: Significant movement from rural areas to urban centers within Spain.
  • Emigration to Europe: Many Spaniards emigrate to more industrialized European countries like Germany and France.
  • Emigration to Latin America: Continued emigration to various Latin American nations.
• 1973: World Oil Crisis. Many Spanish emigrants

Economic and Political Ideologies

• Anarchism (n): A doctrine stating that there should be no government and that people should work together.
• Capitalism (n): A system in which property, businesses, and industry are owned privately, not by the state.
• Classless society (n): A society where there are no social classes and everyone is equal in rank.
• Marxism (n): A radical form of socialism originated by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
• Private property (n): Something owned by an individual, not by the community as a whole.
• Proletariat (n): The class of people who work for wages and own little or no property.
• Socialism (n): The belief that all people should be treated equally and the means of production should be owned by the community.

The Industrial Revolution

• Enclosure