Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Secondary education

Characteristics of Modern Industry

From the decade of 1970, after the oil crisis, a new model of industrial production was born: the post-Fordist model. This model is based on:

• The development of new technologies and new industries: information technology, biotechnology, telecommunications, microelectronics, etc.
• The satisfaction of the individual tastes of each consumer: Many different models of each product are produced to cover different tastes and needs.
• A system of flexible production: automated and highly specialized.
• The incorporation of emerging countries into industrial development.

Globalization and Multinationals

The globalization of the economy is the context in which current industrial activity is developed. Globalization has boosted...

Consequences of Capitalism: Economic Changes

Capitalism is an economic system based on liberalism in which most means of production (machinery, factories, etc.) are privately owned. Its main theory is that of a free market and is based on competition law (supply and demand and reduce costs).

• Capitalism led to an inequality society (class society): high difference by wealth.
• Sometimes led to overproduction and economic crisis. It grows very fast but can decrease also very fast.
• Banks are joint-stock companies.
• Could finish in monopolies or oligopolies.

Consequences of Capitalism: Social Changes

There are high, middle, or petty bourgeoisie. Factors of class society: Capitalism organized society into the bourgeoisie, the rich people who carried out business...

1. The Industrial Revolution

What was the Industrial Revolution?

Industrialization transformed the agrarian and artisan-based economy. Key changes occurred across several sectors, including agriculture, demographics, technology, transport, trade, and finance.

Origins of the Industrial Revolution

The movement began in Great Britain due to its stable political system, population growth, abundant resources, raw materials, advanced transport networks, and colonial empire.

Mechanization and the Factory System

• Mechanization: The widespread use of machinery.
• Factory System: Workers were concentrated in centralized factories.
• Energy Sources: New power sources fueled the textile and metallurgical industries.

Transport Innovations

The invention of the steam engine...

The Transformation of British Life by Factories (1750–1800)

Industrialization is the process where an area or society adopts mechanized forms of production. This transformation, which took place in Britain between the years 1750 and 1800, fundamentally changed practices both domestically and globally. These changes included shifts in the working conditions within factories and the subsequent effects these conditions had on the general population.

The Industrial Revolution was fueled by abundant raw materials, notably coal, which was essential to drive the steam engines in the factories. Furthermore, the growing population ensured a plentiful supply of workers. This analysis argues that factories profoundly changed life in Britain due to several...

Entertainment

Movies

Saban’s Power Rangers

The world is in danger and five children turn into superheroes.

Beauty and the Beast

Fans of Emma Watson will love her in the role of the Beauty.

The Boss Baby

He must destroy an organization called Puppy Co. which thinks families need pets more than babies.

Prison Break Season 5

A new season is here!

Music

Shakira

Her first album was released when she was 13 years old. With 23 albums, including her first English album, her latest single is "Chantaje".

Goodbye Stranger

Seventh grade for New Yorkers at Bridge.

Clean Bandit

Mixes electronic music with classical pieces.

Rag’n’ Bone Man

Old jazz/soul and blues music.

Animals

Interview with Huan Huan (the Panda)

They are timid. It likes swimming and is a good climber....

Crisis of the Feudal System

The medieval feudal system was substituted by the Modern Age and the rise of authoritarian kingdoms.

Feudal Economy vs. Modern Economy

The feudal economy, which had been focused on the possession of land, shifted towards an economy based on the accumulation of money, trade, and colonization.

The Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie was the social class created and empowered by business and trade.

The Age of Discovery: Causes and Motivations

The great discoveries were driven by a combination of political, economic, scientific, technical, and religious factors:

• Political: After reconquering the Iberian Peninsula, Christian kingdoms sought expansion to acquire new materials from these new lands.
• Economic: As the main trade routes had

Industrialization in the Basque Country

Bizkaia's Industrial Development

1. Beginning of Industrialization: Second half of the 19^th century.
2. Location: Barakaldo and Sestao, on the left bank of the Nerbioi Estuary, and in Bilbao itself.
3. Primary Industries: Iron and steel.
4. Other Industries: Shipbuilding, hydroelectrics, paper mills, textiles, fish canning.
5. Industry Size: Large-sized companies.
6. Advantages: Proximity to a port, high-quality local iron ore, and the existence of a traditional merchant class.
7. Investment Sources: Local and foreign investment (British, Belgian, French).
8. Financial Groups: Commercial banks (e.g., Banco de Bilbao), business corporations, the Bilbao Stock Exchange.
9. Worker Origins: Immigrants from different provinces of Spain.
10. Important

Population Density and Settlement Factors

Densely: (pleasant climate, + more jobs / food supply, water supply, flat land, railways & ports)

Types of Population Pyramids

• Stable pyramid: Shows unchanging fertility and mortality.
• Expansive: Wide at the base; high individual birth & death rates.
• Stationary: Low fertility & mortality; population size roughly constant.
• Contractive: More common with emigration out; typical of developed populations; description of shape.

Key Demographic Indicators

Pd: nº...

Definitions of Imperialism and Colonialism

• Imperialism: The states that practiced it sought to conquer territories to achieve the rank of world powers.
• Colonialism: The metropolis controlled a number of jurisdictions, imposing structures and lifestyles on indigenous peoples.

Primary Causes of Imperial Expansion

• Economic: There was a dual need to create new markets to sell goods and obtain raw materials.
• Population: European economic growth produced a surplus population, causing difficulties in finding work; colonies served as a safety valve for this population.
• Policy: Europe's borders had been stabilized, and territorial expansion had to be conducted in regions outside the continent.

Ideological and Scientific Motivations

• Nationalism: States competed

The Industrial Revolution

A Transformation of Society and Technology

The Industrial Revolution marked a significant turning point in history, characterized by the replacement of manual tools with machines, the substitution of human and animal power with new energy sources, and the shift from domestic production to the factory system. This revolution had an enormous impact on the structure of society and was accompanied by remarkable advances in technology. Originating in England in the second half of the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution signified the end of the transition from feudalism to capitalism, marked by the primitive accumulation of capital and the supremacy of the market in production. It also completed the bourgeois revolution...