Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Secondary education

TERTIARY SECTOR

The Growth of the Service Sector

The service sector encompasses a wide range of activities, including education, tourism, and more. In developed countries, it contributes significantly to both employment and wealth generation. The number of people employed in this sector has also increased in less developed countries. Developments such as globalization, economic changes, and increased trade have led many to speak of a "tertiary revolution."

The High-End Tertiary or Quaternary Sector

This sector includes activities related to technology and science, often requiring specialized training and offering high salaries.

The Low-End Tertiary Sector

This sector encompasses jobs that require minimal training and typically offer lower wages....

Industrial Revolution (1750-1860)

The Industrial Revolution was a process transforming energy sources into mechanical work using machines, leading to mass production and surplus. This era witnessed significant changes:

• Climate & Demographics: Population growth, urbanization, and agricultural advancements.
• Trade & Transportation: Increased internal and external trade, growth of exchanges, and improved transportation.
• Machines: Powering factories and workshops.

Stages of Industrial Revolution

• 1st Stage (1750-1860): Steam, coal, and iron ore.
• 2nd Stage (1860-1914): Electricity, oil, internal combustion engine, and steel.

Agricultural Transformations

• Norfolk system, new housing, and new crops from America (e.g., potatoes).
• New tools and increased

Urban Infrastructure

• Infrastructure: Urban infrastructure includes water and energy utilities, and city parkland for managing large quantities of water. Major problems related to water supply are scarcity and quality. Urban cores consume energy at various rates.
• Transportation: In large cities, passenger and cargo transportation causes significant problems, including pollution. Urban centers experience a high density of vehicular traffic, especially during peak hours, known as "rush hour". To resolve such problems, bypasses are built around cities, and public transportation is promoted.

Types of Rural Settlements

The dispersed settlement is characteristic of the north of the peninsula. It is customary for houses to be grouped together to form villages,...

Europe at the Dawn of the 18th Century: The Ancien Régime

At the beginning of the 18th century, Europe lived under the 'Ancien Régime' (Old Regime). This was a system based on:

• A seigneurial agricultural economy.
• Absolute monarchy.
• An estates-based society.

Seigneurial Agriculture: The Economic Foundation

From an economic point of view, agriculture was the most important activity. Key characteristics included:

• Subsistence Farming: Primarily aimed at self-sufficiency, often using a triennial rotation system with fallow land. Autoconsumption was the norm, with few surpluses.
• Subsistence Crises: The economy was vulnerable to crises. Poor harvests led to food shortages, price increases, hunger, and misery, which often generated popular riots.
• Land Ownership:

Primary Sector Activities

The primary sector encompasses activities performed to take advantage of natural resources, including agriculture, livestock, fisheries, and mining.

Agricultural Area

• Biotechnology
• Machinery
• Individual or collective smallholdings, large estates

Direct: The owner's work. Indirect: Landholding changes, cash crops, or leases.

Structure

• Small, medium, and large farms
• Regular or irregular bocage
• Open fields or fenced fields

Agriculture

• Rainfed Crops: Utilizing rainwater
• Monoculture: Cultivating one or a few crops
• Polyculture: Growing multiple crops and orchards

Examples include Mediterranean crops such as olives, vines, wheat (rainfed), beets, and cotton (irrigation and monoculture).

Maximum yield is achieved when capital investment is...

Argentina's Geographic Characteristics

Territorial Form

The form is a particular characteristic of a State's territory, which is of interest to political geography. It is defined by international boundaries, forming the country's perimeter. Several denominations have been applied to characterize the shape of Argentina:

• Longitudinal Shape: Due to its great development in the north-south direction, which implies a wide variety of climates and diversified natural resources.
• Appendicular Shape: This refers to the province of Misiones, which penetrates like a wedge into the territories of neighboring countries.
• Triangular Shape: The longer leg in the west is represented by the border with Chile. The shorter leg coincides with the boundary lines that

Settlement Types

Dispersed settlement buildings:

• Sometimes isolated building construction (house)
• Small unit of less than one village population, which includes houses and other buildings. May have streets and common user items (sources, hermitages) but has no services (village)
• Very small group of houses at times with ancillary buildings (farmhouse)

The Functions of Cities

A city will have many roles, but sometimes one predominates:

• Residential dormitory cities: Mostoles
• Industrial: Detroit, Milan, Bilbao
• Commerce: prevails in some
• Culture/Study: Oxford, Salamanca
• Historic: Toledo
• Religion: Rome, Jerusalem
• Political/Administrative: can be regional (provincial capital) Madrid, New York.

Spanish Hierarchy and Local Network

1. National metropolis: Madrid and Barcelona
2. Regional

The Rise of the Modern State: Authoritarian Monarchies

Defining the Modern State

The Modern State emerged as a new political organization during the Modern Age, characterized by Authoritarian Monarchies. Kings significantly reinforced their power over the nobility and the autonomy of municipalities or cities.

• England (Tudor dynasty, Henry VII)
• France (Valois rulers, Louis XI)
• Iberian Peninsula (Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand of Aragón and Isabella of Castile)

Niccolò Machiavelli famously wrote The Prince as a guide with instructions for rulers. He argued that the primary goal of government was to attain and maintain power, asserting that 'state interest' had priority over the rights of individuals.

Instruments of Royal Power

• Territorial Unification

1.2. The politics of the Ancien Régime The absolute monarchies and the parliamentary monarchy in England • The absolute monarchies • The model: Louis XIV of France (1643-1715). He did not called the Estates General, he controlled the government and he intervened in the economy (mercantilism) • Spain: Lesser Hapsburgs • Parliamentary monarchy in England • Civil War between Royalists (Charles I) and Parliamentarians • Republic: Lord Protector • Charles II and James II: absolute monarchy • Glorious Revolution (1688): Bill of Rights • Parliamentary monarchy: two chambers. House of Lords and House of Commons • 1707 United Kingdom of Great Britain. 2. The Economy and society of the Ancien Régime • Economy • Traditional agriculture:...

Understanding the Repopulation of León

The expansion of the Kingdom of León into the northern Meseta created a large, uninhabited zone. The Kings of León sought to repopulate this area to prevent raids from neighboring Muslim lands.

Early Methods for Encouraging Repopulation

Initially, the most common methods for encouraging repopulation included:

• Granting plots of land to free peasants in exchange for their settlement in these border zones.
• Awarding fueros, which were special rights and privileges given to a city or region by the monarch to attract settlers and guarantee their loyalty to the Crown.

Later Strategies for Repopulation Efforts

Later, the primary measures implemented were:

• Granting control of land to the Church and to nobles who possessed