Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Geography for Other courses

Travel and Tourism Definitions

Understanding common terms in the travel and tourism industry:

• Trip

  A journey in which you visit a place for a short time and return.

• Journey

  An act of traveling from one place to another.

• Tourism

  The activity of people traveling to different places for enjoyment.

• Traveler

  A person who travels or who often travels.

• Tourist

  A person who is traveling or visiting a place for pleasure.

• Tour

  A journey for pleasure in which several different places are visited.

• Vacation

  A period of rest taken as a holiday, for a short or long time.

• Hotel

  An establishment providing accommodation, meals, and other services for travelers and tourists.

• Taxation

  When a government or taxing authority imposes or levies a tax.

Understanding Migration Dynamics

Effects

Discovery of America: Castile and Portugal

The discovery of America: Dateline: Castile and Portugal in the late fifteenth century; their objective was the expansion along the African Atlantic coast in order to find a route to Asia (the Indies). Both crowns in 1479 signed the Treaty of Alcáçovas, which divided areas of influence of the two countries in the Atlantic; Castilian control of the islands was the Canary Islands and the possibility of moving to southern Africa. Cristóbal Colón (Christopher Columbus) wanted to chart a course by sailing west to the West Indies, but his calculations were wrong. In 1492 the king accepted the draft. The expedition, consisting of three ships, departed from Palos (Huelva) on August 3. On October 12 he reached...

Deciduous Forest

Deciduous forest. Vegetation consists of trees that lose their leaves in autumn and regrow them in spring. Vegetation is very rich in tree species; these predominate, although in Spain only a few species are common, such as oak and beech. The understory is made up of hawthorn, juniper and holly. In spring, a variety of herbs, mosses and ferns develop, covering the ground. These forests are typical of oceanic climates and mountain areas.

• Typical understory species: hawthorn, juniper, holly
• Spring ground cover: herbs, mosses, ferns

Evergreen Forest

Evergreen forest. It consists of medium-height trees with thick, rough bark and branches that create large canopies, which cast shade on the ground to mitigate sunshine and evaporation....

The Economic Foundations of Imperialism

By 1890, it was clear that the trajectory of Europe could not continue for two primary reasons. First, it could not improve the supply of products because raw materials and labor were not sufficient to produce quality goods at cheaper prices. Second, demand could not be improved since the population of Europe could not grow further or become significantly wealthier.

Consequently, rich bourgeois parliaments began to pressure their countries to develop imperialism. This system consisted of a wealthy country, known as the metropolis, occupying one or more poor countries, known as colonies.

The Colonial Economic Cycle

The population of the colony provided cheap labor for the metropolis. Furthermore, the colony...

Relief and Geographic Features

Depressions and Plateaus: Ebro depression, located between the Pre-Pyrenees, the Iberian and Catalan mountain ranges. Guadalquivir valley, between the steep Betic mountain ranges.

Coastal Relief and Peninsula Coasts:

• Atlantic coasts: Cantabria, Galicia, and the Andalusian Atlantic coast.
• Mediterranean coasts: Mediterranean Andalusia, Murcia, the Gulf of Valencia, and the Catalan coast.

Mechanisms Influencing Climate

Atmospheric Circulation:

• High altitude: the jet stream.
• Surface atmospheric circulation: high pressure or low pressure anticyclones and depressions.

Factors Influencing the Climate of Spain

Countercyclical Azores anticyclone: Dominates in summer over the Iberian Peninsula, creating a hot and dry air mass.

Atlantic

Canada: Geography and Economy

• Capital: Ottawa
• Administrative Division: 10 provinces
• Official Languages: English, French
• Religion: Protestant
• Agriculture: Wheat, milk, leather, cattle
• Raw Materials: Iron, copper, gold, lead, silver
• Industry: Woodworking, metal mining, food industry

United States of America

• Capital: Washington, D.C.
• Administrative Division: Includes Alaska and Hawaii
• Languages: English, Spanish
• Crops: Rye, barley, soy, corn, potatoes (Imports: bananas, coconut)
• Livestock: Cattle (leather, milk, meat)
• Raw Materials: Zinc, gold, uranium, oil, copper
• Industry: Metallurgy, chemicals, automotive, technology, Silicon Valley
• Megalopolis: New York, Boston, Baltimore, Washington, Philadelphia
• Cotton Belt: Tobacco, citrus, cotton

Mexico: Demographics and

Stages of the French Revolution (1789–1799)

1789–1791: National Constituent Assembly

The National Constituent Assembly enacted major reforms: the abolition of feudal dues and tithes, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, and the adoption of the Constitution of 1791.

1791–1792: Legislative Assembly

The Legislative Assembly continued reforms and radical measures: the expropriation of Church property, the deportation of priests who refused to accept the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, and the establishment of a civilian clergy loyal to the new civil order.

1792–1795: National Convention

During the National Convention the Girondins declined in influence, and France was declared a republic....

The Hominid stand: One of the transformations from hominids is bipidismo facilitating better control of the land and the visual field, as well as social and family ties, and that in carrying the food to familiar territory and promotes relations division of tasks between male and hembra. And also brought advantages-adaptive character for food and defense and I release the hand and these favorable changes in the way of living and distribution of roles between the sexes. / Anatomical Transformations: 1Pie not prehensile and therefore better suited for moving straight. 2Piernas suited to stand and endure long vertebral curvatures caminatas.3Columna ideal for walking upright. 4Cuello specialist to maintain a head of great size and weight.
5Aumento...

Neocolonialism and Underdevelopment

Neocolonial Exploitation

The decolonization process led to the demise of colonial empires. After the Second World War, former European colonies became independent nations through a process of negotiation or armed conflict. To continue to exploit the former colonies, European countries fostered ethnic and religious rivalries, financed civil wars, and imposed new pro-Western governments.

Faced with political, economic, and social problems that could not be overcome using their own resources, these nations were forced to borrow from foreign powers and international bodies like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. Later, they could not meet the payment of claims, resulting in external debt,...

Nature and Authorship of the Organic Law

The Organic Law of the State is a text of historical, political, public and legislative significance: an organic law of the state. It is a document whose author was the government under General Francisco Franco. The law was submitted to a referendum and approved by approximately 85% of voters on 14 October 1966. It was published the following day in the Official State Gazette and was later promulgated in January.

Purpose and Fundamental Ideas

The fundamental idea of the text is to define the functions of the Head of State and to codify the ruler's powers. The Organic Law concentrated national sovereignty in the person of the leader: it assigned decision-making authority that placed power in the Head of...