Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Secondary education

Devastating Flood Strikes Errenteria

This month, Errenteria, a large town in Gipuzkoa, is suffering one of the worst floods ever recorded in the area. Sadly, 20 people have already died, and at least 150 are missing. The floodwaters have destroyed many buildings and severely damaged infrastructure.

Cause and Immediate Effects

The flooding began after heavy rainfall at the start of the month, brought on by several storms associated with a cyclone. The intense rain resulted in accumulations of 100 liters per square meter. Consequently, the lowest flats in buildings are inundated, causing residents to lose many personal objects, electronic devices, photos, and other belongings.

As a result of the flood, the town has descended into chaos:

• Roads are

Qualifying Comparative Adjectives

Use these words and phrases to refer to big differences:

• Far, a lot, much, considerably, not nearly as ... as.

"Cars are considerably faster and far more comfortable than bicycles."

Use these words and phrases to refer to small differences:

• A bit, a little, slightly.

The weather’s a bit hotter than it was yesterday.

Use these words and phrases to refer to no differences:

• Just, no.

It’s no warmer than it was yesterday.

It’s just as cold today as it was yesterday.

Adverbs

Regular and Irregular Adverbs

A. Regular Adverbs

The majority of comparative and superlative adverbs are formed like this:

• Adverb: slowly | Comparative: more slowly | Superlative: the most slowly

B. Irregular Adverbs

Irregular adverbs are formed like this:...

1. Vocabulary and Context

• 1. I've made an arrangement for Bob to walk my dog while I'm on holiday.
• 2. Do you think there's a possibility of meeting next week?
• 3. My boyfriend and I had a terrible argument last night.
• 4. When we arrived, the hotel was in complete darkness.

2. Social Connections

• 1. I want to get to know you.
  • a) Let's go out for coffee.
• 2. My sister and I get along.
  • a) We almost never fight.
• 3. Let's keep in touch.
  • b) We can be friends on Facebook.
• 4. We've grown apart since you moved away.
  • a) We don't e-mail much anymore.

3. Technology and Innovation

• 1. How do I turn on this computer? (start up)
• 2. Google is a program for finding information. (search engine)
• 3. They have invented a great new instrument for cleaning floors. (device)
• 4. How often

Firstly, I woke up at 7:00 am. I brushed my teeth and got dressed quickly to catch the bus. Then, I headed to school. In the afternoon, I studied with my mom and completed my homework. As it started to get dark, I faced a challenge when the shower broke. However, my dad came to the rescue and fixed it. Finally, I enjoyed a delightful dinner with my grandmother, followed by a fun-filled party.

Sara: How hot is it here!!! BUFF

Claudia:

Next slide:

Claudia:

Sara:(Sara looks at the people and speaks to them)OH I'm so sorry. Aloha. (Greets while she continues dancing the Hawaiian dance)

Claudia:

Sara y Claudia: And welcome to the WORLD WHALE DAY.

Sara: As you know, World Whale Day is…

Claudia:

Sara: OH. Sorry. But Claudia, if they don't know anything about it, we have to explain it to them.

Claudia:

Sara: Sorry.

Claudia: It doesn't matter. First, its location.

Next slide:

Sara: This festival takes place in the Hawaiian Islands, specifically in Maui Island.

About Maui, it is part of Maui County in the State of Hawaii, along with Lanai, Kahoolawe, and Molokai Islands. It is the second-largest island in the archipelago, with a population of 117,644...

Direct Object

The direct object is a noun phrase that names the being or object that receives the action of the verb.

• Shape: It can be a noun, a prepositional phrase introduced by a preposition, or a personal pronoun.
• Pronominalization: If a verbal phrase can be replaced by the pronouns lo, la, los, las, it is a direct object.
• Concordance: Unlike the subject, the direct object remains invariable when changing the number of the verb.
• Transformation into Passive: It occurs when the verb supports substitution by the periphrasis ser + past participle.

Indirect Object

The indirect object is the verbal complement that designates the recipient of the action jointly appointed by the verb and the direct object.

• Shape: It is presented as a prepositional phrase

Sentence Transformations with Conditionals

Transform the following sentences using a maximum of five words.

1. You might be hot so take plenty of water with you. CASE
   Take plenty of water with you in case you are hot (no contractions allowed).
2. I regret not going abroad at an earlier age. WISH
   I wish I had gone abroad at an earlier age.
3. Workers are permitted to have a cigarette during the break. MAY
   Workers may have a cigarette during the break.
4. Do as I tell you and you’ll be safe. LONG
   You’ll be safe as long as you do as I tell you.
5. If you don’t pass the short exams you’ll have to repeat them. UNLESS
   Unless you pass the short exams, you’ll have to repeat them.
6. I didn’t remember the password, so I couldn’t access. HAD
   If I had remembered the password,

Comprehensive List of English Irregular Verbs

This table provides the base form, past simple, and past participle of common English irregular verbs, along with their Spanish translations.

A to F

• Be / Was, Were / Been: Ser o estar
• Become / Became / Become: Llegar a ser
• Begin / Began / Begun: Empezar
• Break / Broke / Broken: Romper
• Bring / Brought / Brought: Traer
• Build / Built / Built: Construir
• Burn / Burned / Burned: Quemar
• Buy / Bought / Bought: Comprar
• Catch / Caught / Caught: Capturar
• Choose / Chose / Chosen: Escoger
• Come / Came / Come: Venir
• Cost / Cost / Cost: Costar
• Cut / Cut / Cut: Cortar
• Dig / Dug / Dug: Cavar
• Do / Did / Done: Hacer
• Draw / Drew / Drawn: Dibujar
• Dream / Dreamed / Dreamed: Soñar
• Drink / Drank / Drunk: Beber
• Drive / Drove / Driven: Conducir
• Eat

English Grammar Practice Exercises

Improve your language skills with these exercises covering conditionals, passive voice, and complex verb tenses.

Conditionals and Sentence Matching

Match the columns:

• He'll call us as soon as...
• Answers: 1b, 2f, 3c, 4a, 5d, 6e

Verb Tense Completion

Complete the sentences using the verbs in parentheses:

• I would return the book...
• Answers: Would return / knew; Had offered / would have accepted; Doesn't train / won't win

Sentence Transformation and Meaning

Complete the sentences so that the meaning remains the same:

• I don't think you should buy that car. → I wouldn't buy that car.
• I would have been exhausted if I hadn't stayed up all night.
• If I hadn't reminded him, Sam would have forgotten about the meeting.
• If I were old

My Best Friend Carlos

Carlos is a really good friend of mine. He is English, but he has lived in Spain since 2012. He is seventeen years old and has been my best friend since this year. Carlos is tall, well-built, and has shoulder-length hair. He has short, fair hair and big blue eyes. He likes sports; he goes to the gym two days a week, and at the weekend, he plays football and hockey. Sometimes, we play on the Wii and have a really good time.

He is very generous and shy, and he has a great sense of humor. Sometimes, he can be bossy, but I don't mind because he is very intelligent, and I know that he is usually right. He is a very good friend. Carlos is a lot of fun. He is one of my favorite people, and I hope that he will continue to be my...