Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Secondary education

The Broader Scope of Education

During our lives, we are often told that we have studied all we need to know at school and in various academies. But is that truly the case? Is school the only or best place to learn and develop? Are there no other avenues where we can improve ourselves? If what I've heard is true, what about the education we receive at home? Are my family, my friends, the people I have known, the trips, the good moments, and the hard moments not part of my learning journey?

At school, I learned how to do mathematics, how to write, how to read, and how to be polite. While these lessons are important in life, the specific details can often be easy to forget. In contrast, the things I have learned in other places, outside of formal...

A Journey Through Time

Nestled within the walls of my quaint abode, amidst a collection of cherished antiques, resides a beloved heirloom that holds a special place in my heart: my rocking chair.

Crafted from the finest wood, its sturdy frame has weathered the passage of time, bearing witness to countless moments of joy and tranquility.

From its humble beginnings as a cradle for my infant slumber, where my mother's gentle rocking soothed my restless spirit, it has evolved into a sanctuary for my growing mind.

As I blossomed into a young girl, my grandmother would often occupy its embrace, her nimble fingers guiding mine as she imparted the art of knitting.

Today, I find solace in its rhythmic sway, immersing myself in the pages of my favorite books...

Cooking Verbs:

- Bake      - Grill            - Roast

- Chop     - Heat            - Season

- Fry        - Overcook     - Slice

- Grate    - Peel             - Spread

Quantities:

- A chunk of       - A piece of    - A spoonful of

- A cup of          - A pinch of    - A sprinkle

- A handful of    - A slice of    

- A packet of     - A splash of 

Grammar:

   Future Continuous

+ I’ll be making a pear smoothie (Will + be + -ing)

- We won’t be eating a lot of meat in the future (Won’t + be + -ing)

? What will you be making? (...Will…-ing)

Future Perfect

+ We’ll have seen and tasted some very unusual dishes. (Will have seen+ -ed).

- He won’t have finished by the end of the program. (Won’t have +...

Essential English Vocabulary

Key Terms and Examples

• Travel abroad: To visit a foreign country.
• Cut production costs: This refers to reducing the expenses of manufacturing. Example: To make money, you need to cut production costs.
• Share: To partake of, use, experience, occupy, or enjoy with others; to have in common.
• Flexible schedule: Our schedule in this job is very flexible.
• Company revenue: Last year, the company's revenue was over $40 billion.
• VAT (Value Added Tax): The estimated costs for the new building include VAT (Value Added Tax).

English-Catalan Vocabulary List

• Desk = Taula de treball
• Turn on = Engegar/encendre
• Involve = Involucrar
• Meeting = Reunió
• Hardly ever = Gairebé mai
• Often = Sovint
• Spend time = Perdre/malgastar el temps
• Take a call = Agafar

Direct Objects

• You can substitute direct objects with the pronouns lo, la, los, and las.
• Another way to recognize the direct object is to convert the active sentence into a passive sentence; the direct object then becomes the subject.
• If the direct object refers to a person, it is preceded by the preposition "a".
• Check whether the sentence contains a noun or phrase that responds to the sequence lo, la, los, las + participle. Example: He was given a pen. What was given? A pen.

Indirect Objects

• The indirect object never becomes the subject of a passive sentence.
• Example: I gave an award to Mary. In passive: An award was given to Mary by me.
• It always takes the preposition "to" (a). If a noun or phrase appears without a preposition, it is not an indirect

A-C Vocabulary Definitions

account (n)

When you keep your money in a bank, you have a bank account.

appearance (n)

What someone or something looks like.

axe (n)

A heavy stick with a sharp piece of metal on the end, used for cutting down trees.

burial (n)

Burying; putting a dead body in a grave in the ground.

cage (n)

A box or a place with bars for keeping wild animals.

chemical (n)

Liquid or solid things used in or made by chemistry.

client (n)

Someone who pays another person (e.g., a lawyer, a builder) to do a job for them.

confession (n)

Saying that you have done something wrong.

courtyard (n)

An unroofed open space surrounded by walls or buildings.

D-M Vocabulary Definitions

dose (n)

How much medicine you take at one time.

drug (n)

A chemical mixture that can

BASE FORM PAST SIMPLE PAST PARTICIPLE

Be Was/were been ser o estar beat beat beaten golpearbecome became become llegar a ser

bend bent bent doblarbet bet bet apostarbite bit bitten picarbleed bled bled sangrarblow blew blown soplarbreak broke broken romperbring brought brought traerbuild built built cronstruirburn burnt/burned burned quemarbuy bought bought comprarcatch caught caught cogerchoose chose chosen elegircome came come venircost cost cost valer preciocut cut cut cortardig dug dug excavardo did done nacerdraw drew drawn dibujardream dreamt/dreamed ... soñardrink drank drunk beberdrive drove driven conducireat ate eaten comerfall fell fallen caerfeed fed fed dar de comerfeel felt felt sentirfight fought fought

Opinion essay: intro/list-arguments/conclusion (linking words: first of all, It seems to me, as I see it, as far as I am concerned)

Used to: habit in the past/past perfect: the action is before the past/past perfect conditional: longer actions/past conditional: an action in progress in the past/past simple: main events

1087 – 1215: Feudalism, the Plantagenets, and Magna Carta

After the Norman Conquest

In 1087 AD, William “The Conqueror” died, leaving behind a consolidated English kingdom. He had three sons: Robert (the eldest), William, and Henry. Traditionally, the eldest son inherited the primary patrimony, the second son inherited acquisitions made during the father's life, and the third son received nothing and was often sent to the church. In this case, Robert inherited Normandy, William inherited England, and Henry received nothing. Notably, William's inheritance of England proved more significant than Robert's inheritance of Normandy.

The following years were marked by a power struggle between the two brothers, leading to tension, instability, and...