Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Primary education

This list includes the base form, past simple, and past participle of some common irregular verbs in English.

Verb Forms

Base Form - Past Simple - Past Participle

be - was/were - been (ser, estar)

become - became - become (convertirse en, hacerse)

begin - began - begun (empezar, comenzar)

bite - bit - bitten (morder)

blow - blew - blown (soplar)

break - broke - broken (romper)

bring - brought - brought (llevar, traer)

build - built - built (construir)

buy - bought - bought (comprar)

can - could - been able (poder)

catch - caught - caught (coger, atrapar, tomar)

choose - chose - chosen (elegir, escoger)

come - came - come (venir)

cost - cost - cost (costar)

cut - cut - cut (cortar)

do - did - done (hacer)

draw - drew - drawn (dibujar)

drink - drank - drunk (beber)...

Lord of the Flies – William Golding

• Premise: Boys stranded on an island; society collapses.
• Themes: Civilization vs. savagery, power, fear, and dehumanization.
• Arrival: Plane crash during wartime.
• Key Characters:
  • Ralph: Elected leader, represents order, the conch, shelters, and fire.
  • Jack: Driven by a desire for power, hunting, violence, and rebellion.
  • Piggy: Represents intelligence, reason, science, and his glasses.
  • Simon: Embodies moral insight, goodness, and the truth about the Beast.
  • Roger: Represents cruelty and violence without restraint.
• Conflict: Jack usurps power using fear of the Beast, promises of protection, and violence.
• The Beast: Represents fear within humans (figurative) and the dead parachutist (literal).
• Lord of the Flies: A pig’s

The Initial Encounter

She was more like a beauty queen from a movie scene.
I said, "Don't mind, but what do you mean I am the one
Who will dance on the floor in the round?"
She said, "I am the one who will dance on the floor in the round."

She told me her name was Billie Jean, as she caused a scene.
Then every head turned with eyes that dreamed of being the one
Who will dance on the floor in the round.

The Parental Warnings

People always told me, "Be careful of what you do,
And don't go around breaking young girls' hearts."
And Mother always told me, "Be careful of who you love,
And be careful of what you do 'cause the lie becomes the truth."

The Denial

Billie Jean is not my lover.
She's just a girl who claims that I am the one,
But the kid is not...

/æ/ Unrounded, front, between half-open and open

It is halfway between Spanish /a/ and /e/.

Quantity: usually a short sound

May be lengthened when followed by /b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, ʤ/. Thus, compare bad [bæ:d] vs bat [bæt] or bag [bæ:g] vs back [bæk].

Distribution: never found at the end of a syllable with the exception of the word baa /bæ/ in AmE

Allophones: may be more open in England

Graphemes: The most representative grapheme is (a), except when this grapheme is followed by 'r' act, add, happy, flat, man, black, glad, wrap, bad, have

Exceptions: (ai) – plait & (i) in words of French origin: impasse /æmˈpɑːs

Lenis/Fortis: degree of articulatory strength-breath and muscular effort

LENIS: relatively weak degree of articulatory effort...

The Scarlet Letter's Shifting Meanings

Repentance and Redemption: Learning from the 'A'

For Hester Prynne, wearing the letter “A” can have, despite its negative connotations, some positive aspects as well. Not only does it remind her of her fall, but it also teaches her not to return to her sin. Hawthorne shows this when Hester is defending her right to keep Pearl. She responds to the governor’s claim that she does not deserve to keep Pearl, stating that she will learn from the letter. This defense by Hester demonstrates that she has learned from the shame of the scarlet letter. The committee was worried that the sin represented by the letter would make teaching Pearl impossible, but Hester claims the exact opposite. She asserts that the...

Essential English Vocabulary

Here's a list of useful English words and phrases, along with their meanings:

• To put off: To postpone or delay
• Stage: A step or phase in a process
• Prompt: On time or before the expected time
• Deadline: The last day or time by which something must be done
• Rush hour: Peak time when traffic is heaviest
• Sharp: Exactly on time (e.g., 9 o'clock sharp)
• Timing: The ability to do something at the right moment
• In a hurry: To be rushed or have a sense of urgency
• Plenty: A lot of; a large quantity
• Brief: Short in duration
• On time: Punctual; at the scheduled time
• At a time: At a particular moment
• Downtime: A period when you are less busy or doing fewer things
• Sidetracked: To be distracted from your main task
• Drag on: To continue for too long,

Reported Speech Examples

Here are some examples demonstrating the transformation from direct speech to reported speech, and vice versa.

Reporting Statements, Questions, and Commands

He said that he could fix the fence if that was convenient.

They told us that they would have to take the dog to the vet if she didn’t get better.

She asked me whether I wanted to go to her party.

Mum reminded me to look after my little sister.

Transforming Direct to Reported Speech

• Direct: "I don’t know how to do my homework!" said Katie (complained)

  Reported: Katie complained about doing her homework.

• Direct: "You should speak to Alice about the party," my mum said to me (suggested)

  Reported: My mum suggested that I should speak with Alice about the party.

• Direct: "I’ve

A Dramatic Experience

One Saturday afternoon, my friends and I decided to explore an old abandoned house on the outskirts of town. The sun was setting, and everything looked spooky as we walked up to the house. We had heard stories that it was haunted, but we didn't believe them.

As we entered, the floor crunched with every step. There was dust everywhere, and spider webs hung from the ceiling. We tried to be brave and made jokes to hide our fear. Suddenly, we heard a loud noise from the floor above. Our hearts began to race, but we decided to go and have a look.

In one of the rooms, a window had been broken, and a cold wind was coming in. As we were about to leave, the door closed with a bang. We all became frightened and screamed for help. Try...

Mandela was born in... mandela's first teacher told him that his new first name would be nelson. His father had died and then, he was adopted by a tribal chief. Melaqnini explained him that their young boys were slaved in their own countri. He also said that white men controled their land. He dreamt os the day they ould had power.