Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Baccalaureate

Communicative Functions and Text Features

Representative Function

The representative function is oriented to conveying information about reality outside the text. It transmits content and objectives related to external facts, as in scientific, technical, and journalistic texts, coupled with the exposition of knowledge. Features include a neutral intonation, declarative sentences and complete sentences, the timeless present or indicative mood, impersonal constructions, simple syntax, and the use of the third person.

Appellative Function

The appellative (or conative) function is centered on the receiver and aims to provoke a reaction from the audience. It is common in advertising, propaganda, and persuasive journalistic texts that encourage the...

Understanding Modal Verbs

• That: Refers to a specific person or thing.
• Who: Used for people.
• Whose: Indicates possession.
• Can: Expresses skill, suggestions, or power.
• Be able to: Indicates capability.
• Cannot: Used for deduction or prohibition.
• Could: Past ability or formal requests.
• May/Might: Permission, possibility, or future uncertainty.
• Must: Obligation (present tense only).
• Must not: Prohibition.
• Have to: Obligation.
• Do not have to: Lack of obligation.
• Need: Used in questions or negative sentences to express requirement.
• Should/Ought to: Advice or opinion.

Perfect Modal Verbs

• May/Might have + past participle: Past assumption or remote supposition.
• Must have + past participle: Logical conclusion about the past.
• Should have + past participle: Unwise past action

Present Perfect Tenses

Present Perfect Simple

Structure: to have + past participle [accions acabades].
Examples: known, had, been.
Keywords: for, already (ja), just (just), yet (encara), ever, never, since.

Present Perfect Continuous

Structure: to have + been + -ing [acció finished in the passat fins ara].
Keywords: since, recently / lately, how long.

Past Tenses

Past Simple

Structure: (did / didn't) + infinitive / -ed [curta actions, while, actions completed in the past].

Past Continuous

Structure: was / were + -ing [long actions interrupted in the past].

Past Perfect

Structure: had + past participle (haurà fet) [to say that you had already done something before another past action].

Determiners: Both, Neither, and Either

Both

Usage: [tots dos] J & A...

The Political Landscape Takes Shape

A New Alliance for General Elections

Alfred, an anthropomorphic figure, Gerard, a seasoned individual, and Jacob, born in Madrid and a notable Arab figure, have united to form a team for the upcoming general elections.

Robert's Call for Abstention

Robert, a perceptive writer, argues that abstention is the best option. He believes that all individuals aspiring to government are undoubtedly inept and truly indifferent to the needs of their fellow citizens.

Bernard's Accusation of Demagoguery

Bernard accuses his political enemy of being a demagogue. He asserts that this opponent is either blind to, or subservient to, a myopic economic power, ignoring obvious realities.

Joseph's Acknowledgment of Past Errors

Joseph accepted...

Unsuspecting Sunday Afternoon

Unsuspecting Sunday Afternoon

How come I was the last to know?
Took the stage, then you stole the show.
Another unsuspecting Sunday afternoon.

I was captured by that stare,
Now I'm shattered, but I don't care.
And the people walking by don't have a clue.

That I kissed your face
Till the sun was in our eyes,
Till the afternoon arrived,
And I can't explain.

Last night I saw the fireworks,
The kind of pain that never hurts.
The one you hate to love is made for you,
Another unsuspecting Sunday afternoon.

Monday Reflections

Monday is a funny thing,
Still waiting for the phone to ring.
Will my imagination take it slow? Oh yeah.

After Saturday, my life is changed,
In a moment, it was rearranged.
Strange how easy it is, letting...

Key Insights Across Diverse Topics

This compilation summarizes essential facts and findings across four distinct areas: sustainable agriculture, cultural heritage, food history, and biodiversity conservation.

Principles of Organic Farming

Key points regarding Laura and Lawrence's organic farm in Dorset and the certification process:

1. Why they started: Laura and Lawrence started a farm because they wanted to grow their own produce.
2. The farm location: Laura and Lawrence's farm in Dorset was not used to conventional farming methods previously.
3. Defining "Organic": According to Laura, the word "organic" refers to the use of specific farming methods.
4. The Sail Association: This organization decides whether produce can be certified as organic.
5. Obtaining the

Chapter 1-5

1. Because he could walk at his own pace and discover new places.
2. Because they were doing normal things and people ignored them.

3. Because Chinatown had Chinese shops, people and signs.

4. It was bigger and busier than London's Chinatown. It was also the biggest Chinese neighbourhood in the USA.

5. Because they crossed from Chinatown to Little Italy.

Chapter 6

1. He read about the teams, watched their games and bought a Knicks T-shirt.

2. The lights went out, loud music played and a laser show began.

3. He spoke to Woody Allen and asked him for an autograph.

4. Because the hamburgers at the sports bar were much better.

Chapter 7

1. He was going to celebrate it at a hotel with Elaine, Jason and their friends.

2. You can see a large Christmas...

Irregular Verbs List (1–70)

This comprehensive list presents 70 essential irregular verbs. Study the four principal forms (Base Form, Past Simple, Past Participle, and Present Participle) alongside their Spanish meanings to improve your fluency.

1. sweep – swept – swept – sweeping – barrer
2. drink – drank – drunk – drinking – beber
3. ride – rode – ridden – riding – cabalgar/montar
4. fall – fell – fallen – falling – caer
5. sing – sang – sung – singing – cantar
6. set – set – set – setting – colocar
7. eat – ate – eaten – eating – comer
8. buy – bought – bought – buying – comprar
9. meet – met – met – meeting – conocer (gente)
10. know – knew – known – knowing – conocer (saber)
11. get – got – gotten

Here are the 30 sentences in English:

Past Habits and Childhood Memories (Used To)

1. I used to go on trips with my grandparents every summer.
2. I used to visit small towns with my family on weekends.
3. I used to explore forests and rivers with my cousins.
4. I used to stay in cabins in the mountains during vacations.
5. I used to enjoy long car rides with my grandparents, listening to their stories.
6. I used to have picnics in parks and gardens with my family.
7. I used to visit the beach with my grandparents every holiday.
8. I used to collect souvenirs from every place we visited.
9. I used to help my grandparents prepare meals during our trips.
10. I used to take photos of beautiful landscapes on family trips.

Obligations and Travel Essentials (Have To and Must)

11. I have to pack

Simple Past

• I played with my friends at the park.
• She cooked dinner for her family last night.
• He watched a movie at home yesterday.

Past Continuous

• I was sleeping when the phone rang.
• She was reading a book while it was raining outside.
• They were playing football in the park yesterday.

Past Perfect

• She had finished her homework before dinner.
• He had already eaten lunch when I arrived.
• They had cleaned the house before the guests arrived.

Past Perfect Continuous

• She had been watching TV for hours.
• They had been playing outside all afternoon.
• He had been cooking dinner since noon.

Geographical Uses of "The"

Examples:

• The river had flooded the fields before the farmers could harvest their crops.
• The hurricane had destroyed several homes before the evacuation orders