Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Baccalaureate

Unit 2: Essential English Grammar & Vocabulary

Common Phrasal Verbs and Their Meanings

Phrasal verbs are combinations of a verb and a preposition or adverb, or both, that create a new meaning. Here are some key phrasal verbs:

• Go on: continuar (to continue)
• Carry out: llevar a cabo (to perform, to execute)
• Set up: organizar, establecer (to organize, to establish)
• Pick up: recoger (to collect, to pick up)
• Go back: regresar (to return)
• Go out: salir (to leave, to go outside)
• Point out: señalar (to indicate, to highlight)
• Find out: descubrir (to discover, to find information)
• Come up: acercarse a alguien (to approach someone)
• Make up: perdonar (to reconcile, to forgive)
• Take over: tomar el control (to take control)
• Come out: salir (to emerge, to be released)

Crime Prevention Tips and Local News

Recent Burglaries

(AE)a. Since last fall, it has been reported that burglars are targeting the back of chalets and flats. This tactic allows them to avoid being seen from the main road.

New Sneaker Store Opening

(AE)b. A huge sneaker store will soon open in the area where taxis are usually found. A neighbor was informed that they are hiring elevator operators, shop assistants, and restroom cleaners.

Police Checkpoint on C-456

(BE)c. At the petrol station on railway C-456, we were informed that two kilometers ahead, the police will be checking cars and vans. This is to ensure that dangerous hijackers are not hiding inside. Additionally, all suitcase zippers will be opened.

Possible Kidnapping Gang

(BE)d. It could...

Some, Any and Quantity Words Exercises

• I've got some bananas for Kim.
• There aren't any oranges on the table.
• Have you got any brothers and sisters?
• There is some milk in the fridge.
• This salad is awful; there isn't any salt in it.
• Well done. There aren't any mistakes in your test.
• She got some beautiful postcards from London.
• Is there any sugar?
• There are some books in the desk.
• There is some soup for you in the fridge.
• Mary has got some cheese. Let's make sandwiches.
• Has she got some coins in England?
• They have got some sugar, some eggs, some butter, but they haven't got any milk.
• Is there any margarine?
• Are there any eggs, Nick?
• I can't make a cake because I can't find any flour.

How Much, How Many, Some, Any Exercises

• How many teachers are there in your school?

The Exordium: Setting Your Position

This is where you set out your position. It’s the point at which you establish your bona fides as a communicator, aiming to grab the audience's attention and hope to keep it. The strongest appeals tend to come here.

The purpose of the exordium is to put the audience into a receptive and attentive frame of mind. The main objective is to get the audience well-disposed. We structure the material to connect with the recipient, producing a favorable attitude toward the position defended by the speaker.

There are two types of exordium, depending on the degree of defensibility of the case:

• Predisposition: Used when the case is easy to defend.
• Overture: Used when the degree of defensibility is low.

Winning the Recipient'

Fashion and Beauty Terminology

Accessories

Adornments for clothing.

Cosmetic Surgery

Surgical procedure to correct appearance.

Cosmetics

Make-up products.

Fashion

A style that is popular at a particular time, especially in clothes.

Hairstyle

The style in which someone's hair is cut and arranged.

Label

A piece of paper or other material that gives you information about the object it is attached to.

Look

The appearance of someone or something, a style or fashion.

Make-up

Colored substances used on your face to improve or change your appearance.

Piercing

A hole made in your body for wearing jewelry.

Tattoo

Permanent image, pattern, or word on the skin created by using needles to put color under the skin.

Beauty Product

Cosmetics and materials made and sold for the...

Shopping

• Afford
• Auction
• Bargain
• Boutique
• Brand
• Browse
• Cashier
• Charity Shop
• Changing Room
• Customer
• Deliver
• Department Store
• Exchange
• Get a discount
• Order
• Pay in cash/credit
• Personal Shopper
• Refund
• Rip sb off
• Sales
• Sales Assistant
• Save up
• Second-hand
• Shopping Trip
• Sweatshop
• Take sb on
• Take sb out
• Window Shopping

Emotions

• Be bitten by
• Be hooked on
• Be on a high
• Be up to your eyeballs in
• Cost an arm and a leg
• Feel down
• Get out of hand
• Get on a spending spree
• Live from hand to mouth
• Retail therapy
• Shop 'til you drop
• Shop on a shoestring
• Tighten your belt
• Cheer up
• Face up to
• Get through
• Go on
• Make up for

Environment

• Biodegradable
• Compost
• Consume
• Consumer
• Consumption
• Dispose
• Disposable
• Dump
• Dumped
• Emit
• Emission
• Environmental
• Incinerate
• Incinerator
• Landfill Site
• Manufacture
• Manufacturer
• Pollute
• Pollution
• Pollutant
• Recycle
• Recycling
• Recyclable
• Recycled
• Renewable
• Reuse
• Sustain
• Sustainability
• Sustainable
• Toxic
• Waste
• Wasteful

Mastering Key English Grammar Structures

1. Forming Tag Questions with Negative Statements

Tag questions are short questions added to the end of a statement. When the main statement is negative, the tag is positive. The auxiliary verb used in the tag must match the tense and subject of the statement.

Examples of Negative Statements and Positive Tags:

• That question isn't easy. Is it?
• He isn't working hard. Is he?
• There's no test tomorrow. Is there?
• He wasn't angry. Was he?
• He wasn't watching TV. Was he?
• There weren't many problems. Were there?
• This doesn't seem easy. Does it?
• She didn't work yesterday. Did she?
• He didn't leave early. Did he?
• They haven't yet finished. Have they?
• She hasn't visited Paris. Has she?
• He hasn't been there a long time. Has he?
• They