Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for English for Baccalaureate

Enhance your English vocabulary and comprehension with this comprehensive list of common phrasal verbs and their essential meanings. Mastering these verbs is crucial for natural and effective communication.

Phrasal Verbs with "Bite"

• Bite off: To separate with the teeth.

Phrasal Verbs with "Bring"

• Bring back: To return something.
• Bring down: To reduce, to lower.
• Bring forward: To advance (a date or time).
• Bring in: To earn (money) / to introduce, invite.
• Bring on: To cause (something to happen), to produce.
• Bring out: To launch (a product), to publish.
• Bring up: To raise (a subject) / to educate, rear (children).

Phrasal Verbs with "Climb"

• Climb down: To descend / to get out of bed.

Phrasal Verbs with "Come"

• Come across: To find by chance.
• Come along: To come,

January: The account begins with Auntie's birth, her growth, and her first experience of love. However, her mother did not accept the suitor because she was the youngest daughter. Tradition dictated that the youngest daughter must care for her mother and therefore could not marry. Aunt's mother decided that Rosaura, Tita's older sister, would marry the suitor.

February: Rosaura married Pedro, who was in love with Tita. Tita was devastated, wishing she could have married Pedro. Tita and Nacha were in charge of preparing the dishes and sandwiches for the wedding. Their experience was crucial for the wedding day when Pedro asked for Rosaura's hand. During the wedding, Aunt congratulated her sister, and Pedro said, "Aren't you going to congratulate...

Essential Shopping Vocabulary and Retail Terms

Key Shopping Actions and Transactions

• Get a discount: Receive a reduction in price.
• Return purchases: Take an item back to the store for a refund or exchange.
• Use a credit card: Pay for goods using borrowed funds (Credit Card Use).
• Buy second-hand items: Purchase used goods.
• Pay in installments: Pay for an item in scheduled partial payments (Pay in terms).
• Bargain over the price: Negotiate the cost of an item.
• Get a refund: Receive money back for a returned item.
• Find designer brands: Locate high-end or luxury labels.

Places, Items, and Concepts

• Car boot sale: A sale of used items, often from the trunk of a car.
• Greengrocer: A retailer specializing in fresh fruit and vegetables.
• Purchase: To buy something.
• Budget:

Present Simple

Usage: (learning). Form: "he, she, it" adds "-s"; uses "do" and "does".

Time Markers: Always, frequently, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, hardly ever, never, once a week / a month, at night, in the afternoon.

Present Continuous

Usage: (learning). Form: "am, is, are + v-ing".

Time Markers: At the moment, now, this weekend, this month, tonight, tomorrow.

Present Perfect Simple

Usage: (I learned). Form: "have / has + v-ed or 3rd column"; "have not / hasn't + v-ed or 3rd column".

Time Markers: How long...?, ever, never, for, since, already, just, yet.

Present Perfect Continuous

Usage: (I've been learning). Form: "have / has been + v-ing"; "have not / has not been + v-ing".

Time Markers: How long...?, for, since.

Past Simple

Usage: (learned)

English Verb Tenses

Understanding verb tenses is crucial for accurate communication in English. Here's a breakdown of their uses:

Present Simple

• For habits and routine activities.
• To describe general states and facts.
• Form: Base verb (add -s/-es for third person singular).
• Negative: do not / does not + base verb.

Present Continuous

• For actions and processes occurring at the moment of speaking.
• To describe temporary situations.
• For future plans and arrangements.
• Form: is / are + -ing verb.

Past Simple

• For actions completed in the past.
• Form: Verb + -ed (regular verbs) / irregular past form.
• Negative/Interrogative: did + base verb.

Past Continuous

• For actions happening at a particular time in the past (e.g., specific hours).
• To describe interruptions in the past

Chapter 1: The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha

In this chapter, we are introduced to a man named Alonso Quijano, a 50-year-old gentleman of limited means. He is an avid reader of chivalric novels, and his favorite author is Feliciano de Silva. He is so enamored with these romances that he decides to become a knight-errant himself. Like all knights, he needs arms, so he retrieves his great-grandparents' old armor to prepare. To be a proper knight, he requires three things:

• First, he needs a special knightly name, so he decides to call himself *Don Quixote de la Mancha*.
• Second, he needs a name for his horse, which he names *Rocinante*.
• Finally, he needs a lady to whom he can dedicate all his accomplishments, as a knight is expected

Phrasal Verbs

-look into = investigate
-go over = check, examine
-find out = discover
-try out = test
-set up = put in place, establish
-carry out = perform

Vocabulary

-art = artistic
-energy = energetic
-optimism = optimistic
-pessimism = pessimistic
-poetry = poetic
-realism = realistic
-science = scientific

Sentence Completion

-The manager has received them and is looking into them.
-The briefcase was lost, but they found out where it was.
-The scientist set up an experiment and carried it out.
-I want to try it out.
-Art usually describes something beautiful.
-James liked science.
-Angela had a lot of energy.
-Some films use realism to tell a story.
-A poet writes poetry.

Modal Verbs

Exercise 1: Choose the correct modal verb

1. I can't have...

Macbeth’s Vision: Reality vs. Illusion

“Is this a dagger which I see before me?” In Macbeth by William Shakespeare, ambition has the power to distort the mind and lead to confusion and moral decay. During Shakespeare’s time, people strongly believed in witches, supernatural forces, and visions, which influenced the dark atmosphere of the play. In this scene, Macbeth is alone and about to kill King Duncan when he sees a floating dagger. He is unsure whether it is real or imagined, and this moment shows both his fear and his strong ambition. Shakespeare presents Macbeth’s inner conflict at the exact moment before the murder, showing how ambition begins to take control of his mind.

Psychological Tension and the Floating Dagger

Macbeth’s...

Hotel Communication and Vocabulary

• 1. Two
• 2. Hasn't
• 3. 15
• 4. Changeover
• 5. Ground
• 6. Late lunch

Dialogue snippets:

• I’ll check if housekeeping has finished servicing your rooms yet.
• Yes, thanks. We’ve already had coffee.
• We’ve had a long flight plus a two-hour coach transfer from the airport.
• Your rooms won’t be ready for another two hours.
• Of course. I’ll page the duty manager for you.
• I want to complain about the delay in checking into our rooms.
• The travel company transferred us with no tour representative or information.
• We shouldn’t have to meet at the airport.

Case Study: Millie Harrison's Complaint

1. Who is Millie Harrison writing to? She is writing to the manager of the National Hotel.
2. When did she stay at the National Hotel? She stayed from

Verb Tense Summary

Present Simple (Pres.S)

am/is/are + participle. He/She/It: do $\rightarrow$ does/doesn't. Will not.

Present Continuous (Pres.Cont)

am/is/are + being + participle.

Past Simple (Past.S)

was/were + participle.

Past Continuous (Past.Cont)

was/were + being + participle.

Present Perfect (Pres.Perf)

have/has + been + participle.

Past Perfect (Past.Perf)

had + been + participle.

Future Simple (Future.S)

will + be + participle.

Going To Future

am/is/are + going to + be + participle.

Auxiliary Verbs Summary

have/has/past: had.

Modal Verbs (Second Conditional Context)

Second Modals: might/may/could.

Examples: not buy $\rightarrow$ didn't buy. He/She/It WERE.

Participles

Third Participle: verb + ed. Go $\rightarrow$ gone. Be $\rightarrow$ have been.

Conditional