Concept of Communication, Society, and Language

The human being is a gregarious creature, living surrounded by others, never alone in the world. This fundamental need for connection is the driving force behind all communication. When needing to approach others for help or interaction, humans do so through communication. Establishing relationships with others is, fundamentally, communicating.

The Necessity of Human Connection

To communicate means to participate in what another person has, to say or make something known, to talk, or to deal with someone, whether through written word, action, or effect. Communication is the act of corresponding or dealing with each other, a relationship between two or more persons.

By the very fact of being divided...

L1 Transfer in Second Language Acquisition

L1 Transfer refers to the influence that a learner’s first language (L1) exerts over the acquisition of a second language (L2). This includes positive transfer, negative transfer, overuse, and avoidance.

Theoretical Accounts of L1 Transfer

• Behaviourism: Errors were viewed as the result of interference. The habits of the L1 were supposed to prevent the learner from learning the habits of the L2.
• Contrastive Analysis (CA): Comparisons of the two languages were carried out using CA to predict difficulties.
• Mentalist Accounts: These suggest that only a few errors are the result of L1 transfer.
• Cognitive Accounts: Transfer is viewed as a cognitive process, with the L1 acting as a kind of input from the inside.

The Telegraph: Distant Communication System

The telegraph is an electrically operated device or system for distant communication (the first ever invented) by means of visible or audible signals.

The method used throughout most of the world is based in large part on the mid-19th-century work of Samuel F.B. Morse. It utilizes an electric circuit set up customarily by using a single overhead wire and employing the earth as the other conductor to complete the circuit.

In the telegraph's simplest form, an electromagnet in the receiver is activated by alternately making and breaking the circuit. Reception by sound, with the Morse Code signals received as audible clicks, is the basis for a low-cost, reliable method of signaling.

Modern telegraph messages...

Task-Based Activities in ELT

It is a principle of communicative approaches to ELT that task-based activities enhance learning. In language learning, task-based activities are those which stimulate effective use of language but involve no conscious analysis of language. An exercise which instructs a learner to change the tense of a verb is not task-based because it is language-focused. Getting learners to listen carefully to instructions in order to draw a picture, make a model, or play a game are examples of a task-based approach.

It is argued that if tasks are identified as the main elements of the syllabus, then syllabus and methodology will control each other.

The Role of Games in Language Learning

To play a game is to enjoy competing alone...

Essential Language Teaching Terminology

1. Accuracy

The ability to produce correct sentences that are comprehensible. The sentence has to be correct from the point of view of the language system (grammar, vocabulary, spelling, etc.).

2. Acquisition (Verb: Acquire)

To learn a language without studying it, just by hearing and reading it, and then using it. This is usually how people learn their first language.

3. Assessment Criteria (Criterios de Evaluación)

The qualities that are judged to evaluate something. Assessment criteria for judging learners may include: accuracy of grammar, use of vocabulary, spelling and punctuation, and organisation of ideas.

4. Brainstorm (Lluvia de Ideas)

To think quickly about ideas concerning a topic. This is usually...

Gear

·Terminologies, pitch diameter, diametral pitch (teeth per Inch of pitch diameter),module (metric), Wt, Wr (table 14-1)

·Principle: calc. stress due to bending and indentation of Teeth in contact, compare against strengths

·AGMA equations for bending, list of equations In fig14-17

·AGMA Equations for wear, list of equations in fig14-18

·need Lewis Form Factor Y (table14-2)

Shaft

·For fatigue analysis, need endurance limit, uncorrected from Sut (eqn 6-8), corrected by Marin factors (eqn 6-18, and factor eqns 6-19 to6-29)

·Get static stress Concentration factor Kt (normal) and Kts (shear) from geometry (figs. A- 15-x)

·Get fatigue stress concentration factor Kf and Kfs by modifying Kt with the q formula (eqn 6-32) and figs. 6-20 &6-21

Analysis...

Grammar-Translation Method

Grammar-Translation. It was originally used to teach dead languages such as Latin and Greek. It involves little or no spoken communication or listening. The goal is to read and translate literature. This method focuses on learning the rules of grammar. Vocabulary in the target language is learned through direct translation from the native language. Readings in the target language are translated directly and then discussed in the native language. Grammar is taught with extensive explanations in the native language.

Principles and Classroom Authority

Principles: translating each language into the other. The authority in the classroom is the teacher. The primary skills to be improved are reading and writing. Its focus is...

The classroom space is used properly. Everything is very well positioned, and all areas are well-utilized. The classroom is organized into distinct corners:

• Library corner
• House corner
• Building corner
• Computer corner
• Puzzles corner
• Artistic corner
• English corner

Children are responsible for keeping these corners tidy and for playing appropriately, respecting the rules in each area. When children finish playing, they collect and put away all the elements of the corner.

The teacher manages the class by directing the children's attention to pictures or objects. She speaks softly, sometimes telling them she is going to share a secret, which prompts the children to lower their voices and pay attention. She also uses rapid transitions between activities to...

Quality Manual vs. Quality Management System

What is the difference between a Quality Manual and a Quality Management System (QMS)?

A quality manual is just a document, while a quality management system is a network of processes. Your quality manual is supposed to document your system; it is not supposed to be your system. Your manual is not your system—they are two different things. Your quality manual is all about paperwork, while your quality management system (QMS) is a web of real processes. A quality management system is a set of interrelated or interacting elements that organizations use to direct and control how quality policies are implemented and quality objectives are achieved.

A process-based QMS uses a process approach to manage...

Understanding the Types of Communication

Communication is the action and effect of social interaction based on the transmission of information messages to an entity. It is expressed through the connection, relationship, or dialogue that exists between people, as well as the liaison relationship between objects through which the action of a message occurs.

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

• Verbal Communication: This is used in any language with a complete grammatical sentence structure.
  • Direct oral communication: When the language is expressed through a natural oral language.
  • Direct gestural communication: When the language is expressed through a marked natural language.
• Nonverbal Communication: This is communication that is not given directly through