Urban Morphology: Structure and Evolution of City Landscapes

Urban Morphology

Site: The physical location of a city, including the stem (rivers, coastlines, etc.) and topography (hills, valleys, etc.) upon which it sits.

Situation: The broader geographical environment, including communication routes, territorial connections, and regional context.

The construction process affects morphology, resulting in a distinct urban fabric and various types of built space. Ultimately, morphology depends on the designated uses of urban land, whether for services, residential areas, or industrial zones.

The Structure of the Urban Level

a) The Historical Center

This represents the heritage of the pre-industrial city. It possesses an irregular plot plan with closed blocks and diverse uses. During industrialization, the historic old city densified, increasing building height and internal road density. In the late 1960s, significant destruction occurred, replacing old buildings and renovating areas for tertiary and sports activities.

b) The Urban Ensanche (Expansion)

This appeared after the demolition of city walls in the mid-19th century. The growth of the city was regularized following a flat grid, characterized by low building density and the presence of bourgeois residences. It was later densified, primarily through vertical growth to satisfy tertiary functions.

Around the ensanche and in its suburbs, industrial areas and marginal peripheral neighborhoods began to emerge. At the same time, garden neighborhoods were developed. Today, a transformation process is occurring, replacing old industrial installations and former working-class neighborhoods with housing for the middle and upper-middle classes.

c) The Urban Periphery or Current Exterior Expansion

This forms a large swath of suburban or peri-urban character surrounding the city and its ensanche. Three main zones can be distinguished:

• Large industrial sites: Seeking low-cost land.
• Large facilities: Hypermarkets, leisure areas, or sports complexes.
• Residential neighborhoods.