Understanding Transaminases and Cellular Metabolism

Transaminases

Transaminases blood levels are used as indicators to detect pathologies in liver functions.

Transaminases: When the liver is compromised, it releases transaminases into the blood, which can indicate hepatitis.

Mitosis Stages

• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase

Anaerobic Cell Processes

Anaerobic cell processes can lead to botulism.

Krebs Cycle

Krebs Cycle

Carbohydrates

8 ATP

Pyruvate -------------------------------

• Aerobic: 38 ATP
• Anaerobic: 2 ATP

Cellular respiration and fermentation produce:

• CO₂ + H₂O
• Lactate
• Ethanol + CO₂

Cell Membrane Function

The cell membrane is the barrier that decides what enters the cell. It converts energy, and exchanges are done through membrane receptors.

Energy Metabolism

Metabolism is the physical and chemical process that occurs in the cell, including anabolism and catabolism.

Catabolism

Catabolism refers to the process of burning fat for energy.

Anabolism

Anabolism is the process of using energy where needed.

Energy Sources

• Carbohydrates: Primary energy source.
• Lipids: Fat-storing energy.
• Proteins: Composed of linear chains of amino acids.

RNA and Protein Synthesis

RNA transcription leads to protein translation.

Immune System Function

Antibodies are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign materials such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the set of biochemical reactions that occur in most cells, where the acid produced by glycolysis (pyruvic acid) is converted to CO₂ and H₂O, producing 38 ATP.

Pyruvic Acid

Pyruvic acid plays an important role in biochemical processes.

Cytoplasm and Organelles

• Cytoplasm: The fluid between the nucleus and membrane.
• Golgi Apparatus: Processes and packages proteins.
• Ribosomes: Responsible for synthesizing proteins from genetic information.
• Mitochondria: Supply most of the energy needed for cellular activity.

Cell Division

Meiosis: Chromosome reduction.

Gametes: Each of the sex cells that merge during fertilization to form a new individual.

Tissue Organization

Tissue organization: Set or organization of cells.

Innate Immunity

Innate immunity: The first line of defense against infectious agents.

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharide glycogen: Energy stores in animals.

Maltose

Maltose: Composed of 2 glucose molecules.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis: The fastest way to convert sugars into energy.