Understanding Scientific Research Methodologies

Scientific Method

Method etymologically means "way". Procedure is a fixed and stable set of several steps or rules that allow reaching an end.

Deductive Method

It involves extracting a particular or concrete conclusion from general principles or data. The consistency of this method is unquestionable; if the baseline data are true, the conclusion will also be true. However, this method has a limitation: strictly speaking, it is only feasible in normal science.

Inductive Method

It consists of drawing a general conclusion from specific data or individuals. After observing what happens in most cases, we affirm that the same will happen for all cases of the same type. It is a form of generalization (a step from the concrete to the general).

Its most notable advantage is that it provides principles or laws applicable to all cases of the same type. But it also has drawbacks:

• It is questionable whether the scientific procedure begins with a neutral observation, as scientists approach observation with a specific intent or a preconceived idea of what they are seeking.
• The validity or reliability of the principles reached is questionable. This method does not provide certainty, but probability.

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

It is a combination of the methods of induction and deduction. It comprises the following steps:

0. Observation and Data Collection

1. Hypothesis Formulation

This starts with the problematization of a sector of natural or social reality. Then, a possible explanation is proposed, which should be consistent, rigorous, neutral, and testable. Subsequently, the implications are drawn if the hypothesis were true.

2. Empirical Test

This step tests whether the expected consequences occur. If all cases are not checked, after a sufficient number of carefully selected cases, we verify the hypothesis's validity. From here, we can:

• Reject the hypothesis when it is not satisfied, requiring the reformulation of a new one.
• Confirm the hypothesis when the consequences are true.

3. Formal Mathematical Expression

The hypothesis is formulated into a new law or theory.