Understanding Knowledge: Types and Philosophical Concepts
Understanding Knowledge and Philosophical Concepts
Knowledge
The apprehension of reality that is fixed to a subject, capable of being transmitted to other subjects, systematized, and incorporated into a tradition.
Common or Ordinary Knowledge
Knowledge that is based on experiences of everyday life.
Scientific Knowledge
Knowledge that seeks to explain facts. It is systematic and rigorous, based on formulating hypotheses, often expressed mathematically.
Technical Knowledge
Knowledge that applies scientific principles to address challenges, driving new discoveries and practical applications.
Philosophical Knowledge
Knowledge that uses reason to argue critically and rigorously, aiming to understand the fundamental structure of reality and its inherent principles.
Artistic Knowledge
Knowledge linked to literature, arts, poetry, film, and the know-how required to produce these objects.
Religious Knowledge
Knowledge of the sacred or the divine, often stemming from an inner experience.
Science (Episteme)
Knowledge of the intelligible world, with claims to universality, necessity, immutability, and eternity.
Empirical Science
Knowledge that aims to explain facts and control reality, applying mathematics and contrasting hypotheses through experimentation.
Formal Sciences
Sciences that study the fundamental principles we ourselves have created. They do not study facts, but rather the operation of reason.
Ratiocination
The process of reasoning that leads to conclusions from various premises, based on experience and reason.
Axioms
Unprovable fundamental principles within formal sciences.
Rules of Formation and Transformation
Rules that allow for the derivation of new, valid statements within the formal sciences.
Theorems
Statements deductively obtained from axioms.
Induction
The process of reasoning that obtains a general conclusion from a series of unique cases known through experience.
Complete Induction
A form of induction that involves the individual knowledge of each and every one of the cases.
Incomplete Induction
A form of induction where individual checks are made, but it does not encompass all possible cases.
Hypothetico-Deductive Method
The scientific method that begins with the observation of a problem, develops a mathematical formula and an explanatory hypothesis, and then contrasts it with reality through experimentation.
Hypothesis
A proposed idea or explanation for an identified phenomenon or problem.
Laws (Scientific)
Enunciated statements that express universal behavior or relationships concerning certain phenomena in a regular and unvarying manner.
Theories
Comprehensive frameworks that can be deduced from all the laws of a particular science.
Verification
The result of contrasting a hypothesis, where it is confirmed as true because the observed facts agree with the facts deduced from the hypothesis.
Falsification
The act of disproving a hypothesis through experimentation when the observed facts do not agree with the facts deduced from the hypothesis.
Explanation
The knowledge of a phenomenon that captures its essence, which must be consistent with the observed facts.
Myths
Fantastic narratives that attempt to explain the origin and regularity of the cosmos using superhuman forces.
Logos
The instrument for the inquiry of truth, also used in public debate and deliberation, characterized by convincing reasoning and critical capacity-building.
Theoretical Philosophy
The branch of philosophy that deals with the reality of knowledge and fundamental principles.
Practical Philosophy
The branch of philosophy that deals with action and ethics.
Logic
The branch of philosophy that studies the rules of thinking and valid reasoning.
Metaphysics
The branch of philosophy that addresses the understanding of the fundamental structure of reality.
Ontology
A branch of metaphysics that studies the nature and origin of being.
Gnoseology (Epistemology)
The branch of philosophy that studies the nature, origin, and foundations of knowledge.
Theodicy
The branch of philosophy that deals with the rational justification of God's existence and attributes.
Philosophical Anthropology
The branch of philosophy that studies the problem of human reality and existence.