Tarraco: The Roman Capital of Hispania Citerior

The Origins of Tarraco

In 218 BC, the Romans landed in the Greek colony of Empúries. They discovered a strategic military camp at Tarraco, which featured a natural seaport and a rocky hill for defense. The Romans transformed this hill into a fortress, establishing a primitive military and civilian core. Both the harbor and the hill facilitated the rapid development of the city, serving both military and commercial purposes.

Roman Status and Imperial Growth

The city's status was reaffirmed in 45 BC when Julius Caesar granted it the title Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis Tarraco. In 27 BC, the city experienced its greatest apogee when Emperor Augustus designated it the capital of Hispania Citerior. Between 26 and 25 BC, Tarraco became the center of the Roman world, as Augustus relocated there to lead military campaigns. During these two years, the city underwent a massive urban transformation with the construction of new infrastructures and buildings. Throughout the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd centuries AD, Tarraco remained a primary center for Roman influence and monumental architecture.

A City Divided: Urban Structure

Spanning 70 hectares along the hillside, the city was organized into several terraces:

• Upper Part: The center for the Imperial cult.
• Intermediate Terrace: The provincial forum and the circus.
• Lower Part: The colonial forum, theater, and port.

The residential area was originally surrounded by walls, though the city eventually expanded beyond these boundaries.

Ancient Fortifications and Public Buildings

The walls are the oldest structures in the city, dating back to the 3rd century BC. They feature a base of large boulders topped with masonry and were reinforced by rectangular towers, including the Arquebisbe, Minerva, and Cabiscol towers.

The Provincial Forum

As the capital, Tarraco constructed significant public buildings at the top of the city. The provincial forum served as the administrative and religious center, divided into three large rectangular spaces. The central area, dedicated to the worship of the Emperor, is currently occupied by the Cathedral.

The Mercantil Forum

Located on the same level, the Mercantil Forum served as the public square of Tarraco. It consisted of:

• A basilica with three naves for social, legal, and commercial gatherings.
• Tabernae (shops).
• A temple and a well-paved street.
• Residential areas featuring thermal baths.