Systems Thinking: Reductionist Versus Totalitarian Concepts

Reductionist Approach 1.1

This approach studies a complex phenomenon through the analysis of its elements or component parts. This approach tries to explain that science and systems, for better understanding, are divided into basic, separated elements to allow for specialized study. We can cite the example of biology, which is divided into cytology, microbiology, and virology—all specialized sciences within biology.

Generalized or Totalitarian Approaches 1.2

Constituent parts can also be considered as systems. In this approach, attempts are made to explain or understand the systems as a whole and not merely as a sum of their parts.

What is General Systems Theory (GST)?

General Systems Theory can be defined as an orderly and scientific approach and representation of the real world, and simultaneously as an orientation towards practical ways of stimulating interdisciplinary work.

Trends in Practical Application of General Systems Theory 1.3

Cybernetics

It is based on the principle of feedback, explaining the mechanisms of communication and control in machines and living things. This helps understand the behaviors generated by these systems, which are motivated by the pursuit of a goal and possess capacities for self-organization and self-control.

The Theory of Information

Mathematicians working on this theory have concluded that the formula for information is exactly equal to entropy, only with the sign reversed:

Information = - Entropy

The more complex the system, the greater the energy required for systems to obtain, process, decide upon, store, and/or communicate information.

The Game Theory

Analyzes the competition that occurs between two or more opposing rational systems seeking to maximize their profits and minimize their losses. Through this theory, we can study the behavior of parties in conflict.

Decision Theory

In this field, there have been two different lines of analysis:

• Theory of the Decision Itself: It seeks to analyze a large number of situations and their possible consequences, determining a decision to optimize the result.
• The Study of Behavior: Study the behavior of social systems that are characterized by pursuing certain objectives.

Systems Engineering

It refers to the planning, design, evaluation, and scientific construction of man-machine systems. The theoretical interest in this field lies in the fact that entities whose components are heterogeneous systems can be analyzed as they fall or through systems analysis.

Operations Research

It is the scientific control of large existing systems. Its purpose is to help management determine its policy and actions in a scientific manner.