Structure and Components of Male and Female Genitalia

Male Reproductive System Components

The Testes (Testicles)

The testes are two organs consisting of numerous coiled seminiferous tubules. The walls of these tubules are where sperm originate. Also, between the tubules, male sex hormones (androgens) are produced. The testicles are located outside the abdominal cavity within a fold of skin called the scrotum.

The Penis

The penis is the male copulatory organ. It consists primarily of erectile tissue:

• Two masses called the corpora cavernosa, which are positioned above the urethra.
• The corpus spongiosum, which surrounds the urethra.

The corpus spongiosum enlarges at its end to form the glans, which is covered by the foreskin (prepuce). During sexual arousal, arteries inject blood into the corpora cavernosa, resulting in increased penile rigidity, which facilitates entry into the vagina.

Accessory Glands of the Male System

These glands produce secretions that mix with sperm to form semen:

Seminal Vesicles

Situated behind the urinary bladder, the seminal vesicles flow into the ductus deferens. Their secretion, seminal fluid, contains glucose and other nutrients essential for sperm viability.

The Prostate Gland

Located under the bladder, the prostate secretes prostatic fluid, which contains substances that help protect sperm against the acidic environment of the vagina.

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's Glands)

A pair of glands located at the base of the penis. Their function is to secrete a lubricating liquid to facilitate intercourse.

Female Reproductive System Anatomy

The Ovaries (Female Gonads)

The ovaries are the female reproductive organs, approximately the size of an almond, housed in the abdominal cavity. Each ovary is distinguished by an inner layer (medulla) and an outer layer or cortex.

Ovarian Follicles

Located within the ovaries, follicles are circular structures in which ovules (female gametes) are formed. The Graafian follicle contains an ovum ready to be expelled during ovulation.

Reproductive Tracts

Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)

These are two tiny tubes, also known as uterine horns or Fallopian tubes. They have a funnel-shaped opening nearest the ovaries and are responsible for collecting the eggs released by these organs.

Uterus (Womb)

A conical-shaped cavity with a thick muscular layer where the Fallopian tubes empty.

The Vagina

An elastic duct that contains glands which secrete lubricant for easy penetration.

External Genitalia (Vulva) and Associated Glands

The vulva (external genitals) presents several folds, between which lies the clitoris. The clitoris is a highly sensitive organ composed of erectile tissue, similar to the penis.

Bartholin's Glands

Found in the labia, these external secretion glands produce fluids that lubricate the external genitalia to facilitate sexual relations.