Spain's Energy Sector: Hydro, Nuclear, and Fossil Fuels
Water as an Energy Resource
The steep slopes of some Spanish rivers can leverage the power of water for the operation of hydroelectric plants that provide energy that is renewable and does not pollute. The amount of hydropower generated in Spain is only beaten by countries like Canada, USA, Russia, Sweden, or Norway.
The problem is that for hydroelectric plants, the initial cost is very high (due to the difficulties of construction and social costs). The maintenance is cheaper, although the sedimentation of material swept away reduces capacity. The growing demand for agricultural and urban use questions hydroelectric exploitation because a significant portion of river flows is used in winter (when there is more demand for electricity), and this causes the depletion of reserves. Large hydropower plants are connected to the national electrical network.
Nuclear Energy Production
Nuclear energy is released as a result of a nuclear reaction. The amount of waste heat heats water and produces steam that drives turbines, which drive electric generators. Today, a major part of the production of nuclear power is the process of nuclear fission, but there is a new form (nuclear fusion). The advantages of nuclear power are high calorific value and the fact of producing clean energy. The installation of nuclear power plants is frowned upon by people. The demand for energy and the increasing instability of oil prices raise the possibility of using nuclear energy.
Oil Supply and Economic Impact
After World War II, oil drove the economic growth of industrialized countries for its low price and energy power. Variations in fuel prices have produced serious economic disturbances because the increased price affects the whole productive system. Spain has important oil reserves, yet oil production compared to consumption is very low; therefore, our supply depends on the outside (Russia, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia). Currently, Spain follows a policy of diversification of the source of supply to ensure supply and avoid risks. It seeks to reduce costs and gain control of transport with its own fleets. The main Spanish companies with investments in oil-producing countries that control refining and distribution in Spain are CEPSA, Repsol, and BP Oil España technology. Repsol currently stands out.
Natural Gas Consumption
Natural gas consists of a mixture of gases in which methane is the one that has a rate of 70%, nitrogen (20%), carbon dioxide (20%), and ethane (10%). It is an increasingly important energy source in Spain due to the difficulties posed by other energy sources and advantages regarding environmental impact, producing less pollution. Spain has natural gas reserves but has to depend on foreign supply. Natural gas enters Spain through a network pipeline that connects the northern end of Africa in Algeria. The exploitation of natural gas in Spain is largely handled by Gas Natural. The demand for natural gas has increased and is expected to continue growing.