Respiratory and Urinary System Requirements for Human Health

Requirements for Respiration and Physical Properties

Physical Properties of Air for Respiration

• Temperature: The body temperature is 37°C. Air temperature should be adequate for gas exchange. Breathing through the nose is ideal for regulating blood pressure.
• Atmospheric Air Heating: For normal altitudes (0m-600m), the air is suitable for breathing. At higher altitudes, the lower atmospheric pressure makes gas exchange more difficult, which is why people living there often have more red blood cells.

Air Composition Requirements

• Oxygen Content: The proportion of oxygen in the air should be 21%. If it drops to 10%, gas exchange becomes impossible.
• CO2 Content: Normally, the proportion of CO2 in the air is low. If it exceeds 5%, it becomes impossible to breathe effectively.
• Toxic Gas Content: Be aware of gases like SO2, H2S, carbon monoxide (CO), and excessive CO2. These are often generated by vehicle engines or poor combustion. Air containing 0.2% CO2 is deadly because CO combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, preventing oxygen transport.

Composition of the Urinary System

Kidney and Urinary System Components

The urinary system consists of the kidneys and the excretory ducts (gernubideek).

We have two kidneys located in the abdominal cavity, two bean-shaped organs situated below the diaphragm on both sides of the spine. Their primary function is to treat the blood.

5b) Parts of the Kidneys

• Capsule: A fibrous film surrounding the kidney.
• Cortex: The outer part, which is reddish and striped.
• Medulla (Core): Contains pyramids grouped together by their lines.
• Renal Pelvis: A funnel-shaped cavity that collects urine.

Urine Formation and Excretion

The kidney creates urine, which is how the blood remains clean. Urine passes through the ureter into the bladder.

The bladder holds approximately 250ml of urine when the urge to urinate is formed. The kidneys perform the vital function of purifying the blood by removing waste generated from bodily activities. Furthermore, they help maintain a constant composition of blood substances dissolved in the plasma.