Principles of Solubility, Gas Laws, and Kinetic Molecular Theory
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Solubility and Gas Behavior
Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent. A solution is saturated when it is not possible to dissolve any more solute.
- The solubility of gases in liquids decreases as temperature increases.
- The solubility of gases in liquids increases with pressure.
Characteristics of Matter
| State | Molecular Cohesion | Volume | Form | Particle Displacement |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gas | Minimal | Variable | Variable | High |
| Liquid | Moderate | Constant | Variable | Moderate |
| Solid | High | Constant | Constant | Low |
Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the atmosphere due to its weight on the surface of bodies in contact with it. It is exerted equally in all directions and acts perpendicular to the surface.
- 1 Atmosphere: The pressure exerted by a column of mercury 760 mm high.
Gas Laws
- Boyle's Law: For a fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional (P1V1 = P2V2).
- Gay-Lussac's Law (Volume): For a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure, volume and absolute temperature are directly proportional (V1/T1 = V2/T2).
- Gay-Lussac's Law (Pressure): For a fixed mass of gas at constant volume, pressure increases as temperature increases.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
The absolute zero point is -273.15 degrees Celsius (0 Kelvin). The kinetic model of gases suggests:
- Gases consist of a large number of very small particles relative to the distance between them.
- There is empty space between particles.
- Particles move continuously and randomly.
- Particles collide with each other and the walls of their container.
- Particle speed increases with temperature.
Note: The kinetic model is an abstraction that provides a simplified representation of physical reality.
Kinetic Theory of Matter
- Matter is composed of small particles in continuous, random motion.
- Attractive forces exist between particles, holding them together.
- Attractive forces are strongest in solids, moderate in liquids, and negligible in gases.
- Brownian Motion: The random movement of particles suspended in a fluid due to bombardment by surrounding molecules.
Phase Changes
- Solid to Gas: Sublimation
- Solid to Liquid: Fusion
- Liquid to Gas: Boiling or Vaporization
- Liquid to Solid: Solidification
- Gas to Solid: Deposition (Reverse Sublimation)
- Gas to Liquid: Condensation