Modern Art Movements and Geometric Principles Explained

Impressionism: Capturing Natural Light

The main initiator of this movement was Claude Monet, focusing primarily on landscapes. Key artists include:

• Claude Monet
• Alfred Sisley
• Camille Pissarro

Pioneers of the Avant-Garde

These artists paved the way for modern movements:

• Vincent Van Gogh: His undulating forms and colors influenced Expressionism.
• Paul Gauguin: His Polynesian paintings influenced Fauvism.
• Paul Cézanne: Simplified forms into cubes, cylinders, and spheres, leading to Cubism.
• Edvard Munch: His work, such as The Scream, became a symbol of horror and violence, influencing Expressionism.

Radical Artistic Expressions

René Magritte challenged the perception of reality, while Marcel Duchamp introduced readymades—everyday objects transformed into art by placing them in a gallery setting.

Futurism: Speed and Movement

Founded by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in Italy, this movement focuses on speed and motion. Key artists: Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, and Carlo Carrà.

Cubism: Fragmented Perspectives

Cubism breaks optical logic to represent objects from multiple viewpoints simultaneously, creating a fragmented aesthetic. Key artists: Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and Juan Gris.

Expressionism and Fauvism

Expressionism

This movement prioritizes the human soul and emotions, utilizing shapes and colors with total freedom. Key artists: Edvard Munch, Van Gogh, Emil Nolde, and Otto Dix.

Fauvism

Often referred to as French Expressionism, this movement depicts a more pleasant and innocent existence. Key artists: Henri Matisse, André Derain, and Maurice de Vlaminck.

Dadaism and Surrealism

Dada Movement

The most radical of the avant-gardes, Dada did not propose a new aesthetic but rather protested against bourgeois values. It is often described as anti-art or anti-culture. Key artists: Man Ray, Tristan Tzara, and Jean Arp.

Surrealism

An attitude toward artistic creation based on automatism (expressing the true functioning of thought) and dreams (an inexhaustible source of fantastic images). Key artists: René Magritte, Joan Miró, and Salvador Dalí.

Geometric Principles of Triangles

• Circumcenter: The point where the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle intersect.
• Incenter: The point where the interior angle bisectors of a triangle intersect.
• Orthocenter: The point where the altitudes (perpendicular lines from each vertex to the opposite side) of a triangle intersect.
• Barycenter (Centroid): The point where the medians of a triangle intersect, found by connecting each vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.