Medieval Christian Expansion and Repopulation in the Iberian Peninsula

Expansion and Christian Repopulation

Early Settlement: The 8th to 10th Centuries

Between the 8th and 10th centuries, small farmers voluntarily occupied land in a process known as aprisio. Spanish territory was populated throughout the 9th and 10th centuries. Since the mid-9th century, this process took on an official character, often directed by the monarch or local villages. This movement created an important sector of free smallholders, though large landowners eventually dominated.

In the northeastern mainland during the late 9th century, the repopulation of the plain of Vic and surrounding regions occurred. Meanwhile, in the north of Portugal, various towns were conquered and fortified.

Military Expansion and Strategic Conquests

Repopulation often held a military character, necessitating the leading role of knights and the construction of strong walls around cities. Key developments included:

• 1085: The pivotal conquest of Toledo.
• Aragon: Expansion into the foothills and a major offensive in the Ebro valley.
• Settlement: Territory was repopulated by people from Aragon, French settlers, and military orders from the kingdoms of Leon.
• Portugal: Kings advanced toward Lisbon, establishing treaties to assign future territories for conquest.

The arrival of the Almohads in the late 12th century presented a significant obstacle to Christian advancement.

The Turning Point: Las Navas de Tolosa

The defeat of the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) finally opened the doors for Christians to reclaim the remainder of al-Andalus. Major successes followed:

• James I of Aragon: Led the conquest of the Balearic Islands and the occupation of Valencia, distributing land across Catalonia and Aragon.
• Kingdom of Leon: Utilized the victory at Las Navas de Tolosa to incorporate Merida, Badajoz, and Caceres, integrating the Guadalquivir valley.

Land Distribution and Governance

Following the conquest of Majorca, the existing population was either destroyed or enslaved. Land was distributed according to agreements previously established in Barcelona:

• James I retained a large portion of the island.
• The remaining land was allocated among the major tycoons who financed the expedition.
• James I granted the Carta de Franqueza (privileges) and the Carta de Repoblación to the new inhabitants.