Mechanical Contraception Methods: Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical Cap

Mechanical Methods

Mechanical methods: devices that act as a physical barrier, preventing the passage of sperm into the uterus and preventing pregnancy.

1. Condom

Condom: a thin, elastic sleeve placed over the penis to prevent fertilization; it acts as a contraceptive method and helps reduce the spread of sexually transmitted infections.

Usage

Place the condom over the penis before intercourse; ejaculation deposits semen into the condom.

Advantages

• Very accessible and available without a prescription.
• No hormonal side effects.
• Can be used as a supplementary contraceptive method.
• Provides protection against many sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
• Fertility returns immediately after discontinuation.
• Does not require medical supervision; can be used as desired.

Disadvantages

• May reduce sexual sensation for some men and women.
• Requires correct placement for high effectiveness.
• Most condoms are made of latex and cannot be used by people with latex allergy.
• Does not fully protect against human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is transmitted via skin-to-skin contact rather than only through body fluids such as semen; see HPV (es.wikipedia) and Semen (es.wikipedia).

2. Diaphragm

Vaginal diaphragm: a rubber or silicone dome with a ring-shaped rim that fits over the cervix and acts as a barrier to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. Diaphragms come in various sizes and are fitted to the individual's cervix.

Advantages

• The diaphragm can be placed before sexual intercourse and therefore does not necessarily affect spontaneity.
• Its presence is usually not noticed during sex.
• It does not cause hormonal changes.

Disadvantages

• Lower effectiveness compared with some other methods.
• Increased risk of urinary tract infection for some users.
• Does not protect against sexually transmitted infections.
• Placement may be uncomfortable for some users.
• Improper use can be dangerous or lead to reduced effectiveness.

Contraindications

• Inability to place it correctly.
• Not recommended as the sole method for women without a regular partner.
• Allergy to latex (if made of latex).
• Recurrent urinary tract infections.
• Anatomical disorders that prevent correct placement.

Effectiveness: Approximately 80% to 90% when used with spermicide.

3. Cervical Cap

Cervical cap: a thin silicone or plastic cap, similar to a thimble, that is placed over the cervix where it acts as a physical barrier to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.

Advantages

• Can be inserted up to 24 hours before intercourse and therefore may not affect spontaneity.
• Usually not noticeable during intercourse.
• Does not cause hormonal changes.

Disadvantages

• Lower effectiveness compared with some other contraceptive methods.
• Does not protect against sexually transmitted infections.
• Can be difficult to insert and remove.
• Increased risk of urinary tract infection for some users.

Contraindications

• Do not use in women allergic to latex or to the spermicide used with the cap (if applicable).
• Do not use during active genital infections.
• Avoid use within 6 to 12 weeks postpartum unless advised by a clinician.