Mastering English Vocabulary and Grammar Rules

Essential English Vocabulary and Definitions

• A nasty nature: Having an unpleasant manner.
• Admit: To say something is true.
• Aerial: An antenna.
• Avoid: To prevent something from happening.
• Broadcast: To emit or transmit a signal.
• Campaign: A fight for or against something.
• Captivity: The state of not being free.
• Channel: A television or radio station.
• Closer: Nearer (Antonym: further).
• Conservationist: A person who advocates for the protection of nature.
• Contribution: Giving or supplying something alongside others.
• Courageous: Brave (Antonym: faint-hearted).
• DVD player: A device for playing digital video discs.
• Food chain: The series of organisms each dependent on the next as a food source.
• Global warming: The long-term heating of Earth's climate system.
• Grab: To take something suddenly or roughly.
• Huge: Extremely large (Antonym: tiny).
• Increasing: Becoming bigger (Antonym: decreasing).
• Leap: To move quickly or jump.
• Prove: To show that something is true.
• Recording studio: A facility for sound recording.
• Rehabilitation: Helping someone return to a useful life.
• Release: The act of setting someone or something free.
• Self-sufficient: Able to manage by oneself (Antonym: helpless).
• Sociable: Liking to be with others (Antonym: solitary).
• Remote control: A device for operating electronics from a distance.
• Satellite TV: Television programming delivered via communications satellites.
• Starvation: Suffering or dying from a lack of food.
• Station: A radio dial or broadcasting entity.
• Status: A social or professional position.
• Survival: The state of remaining alive or in existence.
• Stare: To look at someone or something for a long time because you are interested or surprised.
• Struck: To attack suddenly.
• Transmitter: A device that sends out radio or TV signals.
• Video recorder: A device for recording video.
• Violent: Aggressive (Antonym: gentle).

Advanced English Grammar Rules

Adverb Clauses and Conjunctions

• Reason: because, since, as.
• Time: while, when.
• Condition: if.
• Purpose: so that.
• Result: so... that.
• Concession: although.

Relative Clauses and Pronouns

Defining vs. Non-defining

• Defining: Essential information, used without commas.
• Non-defining: Extra information, used with commas; never use "that" after a comma.

Relative Pronouns

• Subject: People (who, that); Animals and things (which, that).
• Object: People (who, whom, that, or omitted); Animals and things (which, that, or omitted).
• Possessive: People (whose + noun); Animals (whose); Things (the + noun + of which).
• Adverbs: Time (when), Place (where), Reason (why).

Noun Clauses and Indirect Questions

Noun clauses are often used with phrases like "Can you tell me," "Do you know," or "Would you like." For example: I wonder if/whether/where/that...

Expressing Present and Past Habits

Present Habits

• Present Simple: Used for things you normally do (e.g., usually).
• Present Continuous: Used for things that annoy you (e.g., always).
• Will: Used to describe typical behavior of someone.

Past Habits

• Past Simple: Used for past actions or states (e.g., usually).
• Past Continuous: Used for things that were annoying in the past.
• Would / Used to: Used for repeated actions in the past.
• Used to: Specifically used for past states or situations that have changed (e.g., They used to live in France).