Mastering English Passive Voice, Causatives, Conditionals, and Reported Speech

The Passive Voice

Present Simple: (teach) - (is taught)
Present Continuous: (is teaching) - (is being taught)
Present Perfect: (have taught) - (have been taught)
Past Simple: (taught) - (was taught)
Past Continuous: (was teaching) - (was being taught)
Future Simple: (will teach) - (will be taught)
Be going to: (is going to teach) - (is going to be taught)
Can: (can teach) - (can be taught)

Verbs with two objects: ask, buy, give, lend, offer, play, promise, refuse, show, sell, send, teach, tell.

Reporting verbs: accept, believe, claim, expect, hope, know, predict, report, say, think, understand. Structures: (subject + reporting verb + to + infinitive) / (it + reporting verb + that + clause)

Causatives and Conditionals

Causative Passive: (have/get + object + past participle)

Conditionals

• Zero Conditional: if + present simple / present simple
• First Conditional: if + present simple / will + infinitive
• Second Conditional: if + past simple / would + infinitive
• Third Conditional: if + past perfect / would have + past participle
• Mixed Conditionals: combinations of second and third conditionals
• Even if: substitutes 'if' in present, future, or past
• As long as: used in first and second conditionals
• Unless: substitutes 'if not'

Reported Speech

Changes in tense:
Present Simple -> Past Simple
Present Continuous -> Past Continuous
Present Perfect -> Past Perfect
Past Simple -> Past Perfect
Past Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous
Will -> Would
Can -> Could
Must -> Had to

Pronoun changes (you, me, etc.)

Question formation: (wh- + verb + subject) / (if + verb + subject)

Gerunds and Infinitives

Verbs followed by gerunds (-ing)

admit, advise, avoid, begin, can't help, imagine, stand, face, complete, consider, continue, delay, detest, discuss, dislike, don't mind, enjoy, finish, forget, give up, go on, hate, involve, keep, like, love, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prefer, recall, recommend, regret, remember, report, resist, risk, start, stop, suggest, try, understand, help, propose, feel

Verbs followed by infinitives (to + verb)

afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, begin, choose, consent, continue, dare, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, forget, get ready, go on, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, need, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seem, start, stop, threaten, try, wait, want, wish, convinced, plan, ready

Verbs followed by object + infinitive

advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, convince, dare, enable, expect, forbid, force, get, help, hire, inspire, instruct, invite, need, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, want, warn, would hate, would like, would love, would prefer

Special cases: make and let / would rather / had better

Verbs of perception: hear, listen to, see, smell, touch + object + base form or -ing form

Help + object + base form

Modals

Ability: can, can't