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Linguistic Analysis: Cohesion, Phonetics, and Lexical Structures

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1. Voices of Presence and Absence

Speech sender:

  • Personal: Individual or collective.
  • Absence: Impersonality procedures (e.g., "should," "seems").

[Spatial and temporal dimensions]

2. Variant Dialect and Coherence

Grade of Objectivity: Judgments made as "demonstrable truths" using impersonal structures.

Subjectivity: Value judgments that are "indemonstrable" (e.g., modalized statements).

Modalization Techniques

Includes parentheses, dashes, italics, irony, exclamations, evaluative lexicon (adjectives, verbs), adverbial phrases (e.g., "undoubtedly," "luckily," "logically"), and rhetorical figures (rhetorical questions, metaphors, hyperbole).

Enlargement Procedures

  • Apposition: Clarification within comments.
  • Reformulation: Paraphrasing (e.g., "i.e.," "that is").
  • Examples: Using "for example" or "such as" with parentheses and dashes.

Condensation Procedures

  • Nominalization: (e.g., industrialization).
  • Ellipsis.

3. Cohesion and Anaphora

Mechanisms of Reference

  • Lexicosemantics: Isotopy, lexical families, semantic fields, synonyms, and antonyms.
  • Grammatical Determination.

Connection Mechanisms

Connectors:

  • Addition: And, also.
  • Cause: Due to, because, since.
  • Consequence: Therefore, thus.
  • Order: To begin with.
  • Condition: Provided that, if.
  • Concession: Although, despite.
  • Contrast: But, however.
  • Sequence: Finally.
  • Reformulation: In other words.
  • Recap: In short.
  • Exclusion: Except, in any way.
  • Examples: For example, such as.

4. Phonetic Phenomena

  • Apheresis: (e.g., 'ten' for 'goodbye').
  • Apocope: (e.g., 'photo' for 'photography').
  • Vowel Elision: (e.g., 'm' for 'me').
  • Synalepha: Formation of a diphthong.
  • Syncope: (e.g., 'please' for 'please').
  • Sound: Dull vs. clear sounds.
  • Ensordiment: Devocalization.
  • Assimilation: Sound changes in pronunciation.
  • Gemination: Doubling of sounds.
  • Emmudiment: Muting of sounds.
  • Awareness: Pronunciation of mute sounds.
  • Metathesis: Change of word order.

5. Lexical Relationships

Includes lexical families, semantic fields (hypernyms, hyponyms), polysemy, homographs (different meanings), homophones (different spelling, same pronunciation), and geosinonyms.

6. Aspectual and Modal Periphrasis

Aspectual

  • Imminence: Go + a, start + a.
  • Durative: Be, go, go back to.
  • Perfective: Arrive + to, end + to, have, left.

Modal

  • Requirement: Having to, need to.
  • Probability: Must be.

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