Key Figures and Themes in Early 20th Century Spanish Literature

Modernism: Origins and Characteristics

Modernism emerged in the late nineteenth century, with origins in Hispanic America. José Martí and Rubén Darío were key figures in its creation and dissemination. The publication of Azul... by Rubén Darío in 1888 is considered the starting point of Modernism.

Features of Modernism

• Aesthetic Literature: It seeks beauty above all else. In poetry, rhythm and musicality are of great importance.
• Evasion of Reality: Works are often set in remote locations, both spatially and temporally. There is frequent reference to past epochs, luxurious and refined settings, or exotic civilizations. Urban and cosmopolitan settings are also preferred.
• Themes: Expression of feelings such as boredom, languor, and melancholy.
• Use of Symbolic Elements: For example, the swan, which became a symbol of modern aesthetics.

The Generation of '98

This group of authors, born in the late nineteenth century, centered their fundamental concerns on two issues: the decline of Spain and existential angst. Members include Miguel de Unamuno, Pío Baroja, José Martínez Ruiz ("Azorín"), and Ramiro de Maeztu.

In their texts, there is an influence of contemporary currents of thought. They frequently describe the scenery, particularly the Castilian landscape. They pursued a purification of literary language, seeking a natural, simple tone devoid of superfluity.

Key Figures and Works

Rubén Darío: Modernism's Apex

Rubén Darío is the maximum representative of Modernism. His key works include Azul..., Prosas Profanas, and Cantos de vida y esperanza.

• Azul... and Prosas Profanas showcase exotic imagery and an aesthetic characterized by musicality and bright color.
• Cantos de vida y esperanza marked a turn toward intimate and reflective poetry, addressing more momentous issues such as the meaning of life.

Modernist and '98 Prose

Modernist prose is characterized by the use of poetic and even musical language, full of sensory and evocative images.

The authors of the Generation of '98 cultivated the essay and the novel. In their essays, they address the country's state of decay and their existential concerns.

Miguel de Unamuno

Between the essay and the novel, Unamuno's essays alternate existential reflection with meditation on Spain. In his novels, intellectual content takes precedence over plot. He termed this new type of novel the "nivola," in which action is minimal, featuring many dialogues and inner monologues of the character. Notable examples include San Manuel Bueno, mártir and Niebla (Fog).