First machines: strength provided by animals and humans, and hydraulic energy
Steam power: a revolutionary source of energy for production and transport
Watt's steam engine: patented in 1769
Factory system: concentration of machines and workers in factories
Textile Industry
Britain was the first country with a mechanized textile sector, which dominated world cotton trade
India's cotton printing was an early example of textile production
Government protection: prohibition of imports and promotion of domestic production
Spinning jenny (1733) and mechanical loom (1785)
Iron and Coal Industry
Darby's use of coal to make coke in 1709 (coke replaced charcoal from vegetables)
Later, Bessemer invented the converter that transformed iron into steel
Railways and Steamships
Stephenson's locomotive (1829): the railway plus steam engine
Increase in trade
Development of a market economy (not self-sufficient)
Domestic and foreign trade
Free trade vs. protectionism: protecting national industry with taxes on imported goods
Liberalism and Capitalism
Liberalism (Political Doctrine, Adam Smith)
Seeks maximum profit
Adaptation of supply to demand
Non-intervention by the state in economic operations
Capitalism (Economic Model)
Factories, machines and stock are private property of the bourgeoisie
Little organization, many economic crises
Expanding Industrial Capitalism
Spread beginning in the 19th century in France and Belgium
Then Russia (1850-1870), Germany, the United States and Japan
20th century: Eastern Europe
New Energy Sources and Innovations
1869: first dynamo and electricity production
Half of the oil production in the 19th century came from the USA
Internal combustion engine: use of fuel in automobiles (1885)
Stainless steel and aluminum production
Henry Ford invented the car assembly line
New Industrial Organization
Taylorism (scientific management of production chains)
New Industrial Society
Bourgeoisie
Big bourgeoisie: bankers and large factory owners
Average bourgeoisie: civil servants and traders
Petty bourgeoisie: employees and shopkeepers
Workers (Proletariat)
First workers' associations
Machines caused unemployment and low wages
Worker protests: destruction of machinery
Marxism and Socialism
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels defended the workers' revolution to destroy capitalism
Marxist workers' socialist parties were created at the end of the 19th century, with objectives to: intervene in politics, carry out a proletarian revolution, abolish private property and abolish social classes
