Industrial Activity, Revolutions, Energy Sources & Industrialization

Industrial Area and Types of Industrial Activity

Industrial area or industrial activity: economic activity of the secondary sector of industry.

Types of Industry and Transformations

Types:

• Basic industry: transforms raw materials into semi-products.
• Processing and equipment industry: produces semi-finished products and machinery.
• Business / consumer industry: produces consumer goods for consumers.

Raw Materials

Raw materials may be of different origins and categories:

• Plant and animal origin (organic): flax, wool, skin.
• Metallic minerals: iron ore, lead.
• Non-metallic minerals: quartz, mica, marble, feldspar.

Energy Sources

Ability to produce work. SMARTTRANS — utility: renewable and nonrenewable energy sources.

• Renewable (do not exhaust with use): solar, hydraulic (hydro), wind.
• Nonrenewable (depleted with use): natural gas, oil, coal.

Formation of the Bourgeoisie and Liberal Revolutions

Forming bourgeoisie — liberal revolutions (18th century): desire for change caused the crisis of the old regime.

English Colonies in North America

The English colonies in North America (the original 13 colonies) experienced tensions with the British metropolis caused by:

• Tax increases such as the Stamp Act.
• Lack of representation: colonists not participating in the British Parliament.
• 1773: Boston Tea Party.

American War of Independence and Political Results

• 1775–1783: War of Independence; colonies volunteer army under Gen. Washington, aided by Spain and France.
• 1776: Declaration of Independence.
• 1783: Treaty of Paris (peace, negotiated at Versailles) recognizing independence.
• 1787: First written U.S. Constitution drafted (Constitution of 1787). Bill of Rights later adopted (1791).

French Revolution and Enlightenment Ideas

French Revolution: strong influence of Enlightenment ideas; a hostile environment and bankruptcy of the royal treasury—exacerbated by intervention in the American War of Independence—contributed to crisis.

Estates-General and the National Assembly

Louis XVI calls the Estates-General (nobility, clergy, and Third Estate). The voting problem led to a claim for representation.

• 17/06/1789: The Third Estate proclaims the National Assembly (later the Constituent Assembly).
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen issued; the first Legislative Assembly governs 1791–1792.

Radicalization and the Directory

• 1792–1795: Revolutionary wars, conflict with Austria and other powers; political struggle between moderate and radical factions (Jacobins, Girondins).
• 1794: Robespierre's fall (Thermidor).
• 1795–1799: The Directory (Girondins influence) consisted of five members directing internal politics and wars.

Unequal Distribution of Resources and Global Industrialization

Unequal distribution of resources: rich countries versus poor countries; the North–South divide, central versus peripheral regions, capital and income differences, and differences reflected in HDI and unequal trade/GDP relations between the developed and developing world.

Late Third World Industrialization and Trends

Late Third World industrialization began in 1955.

Spanish Industrial Stagnation and Stages

Spanish industrial stagnation: stages and chronological markers described below.

• 1808–1830: Early stage — the new industry begins.
• 1830–1881: Peripheral industry development.
• 1881–1914: Next stage, affected by broader economic cycles.
• 1925–1985: Reconversion process and subsequent adjustments.
• July 1981: Signing procedures related to entry into the European Community (process toward European integration).

Note: This document corrects spelling, grammar, and capitalization while preserving all original content and chronological markers. Headings are limited to H2–H3 for clarity; additional subheadings may be added as needed (H4–H6 available).