Human Evolution: Hominin Species from Sahelanthropus to Homo

Preaustralopithecus

Sahelanthropus tchadensis: antiquity of 7 to 6 million years ago (Ma), cranial capacity of 350 cm³, bipedal gait.

Orrorin tugenensis: bipedal and walked upright, lived between 6.2 and 5.6 Ma, 140 cm tall, lived in dense forest environments, diet of leaves and fruits.

Ardipithecus ramidus: lived between 4.4 and 4.1 Ma, brain of about 350 cm³, height of about 120 cm, jaws projecting forward as in chimpanzees, functional bipedalism, lived in a forest environment, fed on stems, leaves and fruits.

Ardipithecus kadabba: lived 5.8 to 5.2 Ma, bipedal gait.

Australopithecus

Australopithecus anamensis: 4.2 to 3.9 Ma, bipedal, thick tooth enamel, forests and woodlands.

Australopithecus afarensis: 3.9 to 2.9 Ma, 110 cm tall, sagittal crest, cranial capacity of 400 cm³, very robust jaws and teeth, closed dry forests and wooded savanna.

Australopithecus bahrelghazali: lived from 3.5 to 3 Ma, forests and wooded savanna.

Kenyanthropus platyops: 3.5 Ma, brain capacity of 350 cm³, habitat was forest.

Australopithecus africanus: lived 1 Ma, 1.40 m tall, 40 kg, cranial capacity between 450 and 520 cm³, subtropical forest and savanna, walked perfectly upright, thin-walled skull and jaws, low and prominent face.

Australopithecus garhi: cranial capacity of 450 cm³, human-like dentition, savanna, antiquity of 2.5 Ma.

Australopithecus sediba: 1.95 to 1.78 Ma, lived in subtropical forests and savanna areas, omnivorous, rounded skull of 440 cm³, small teeth, walked upright.

Paranthropus (Robust Australopithecines)

Paranthropus aethiopicus: lived 2.7 to 2.5 Ma.

Paranthropus boisei: large jaws, vegetarian diet, forest and savanna, cranial capacity of 500 to 550 cm³, height of 1.50 m, lived from 2.3 to 1.2 Ma.

Paranthropus robustus: 2 to 1.2 Ma, 1.70 m tall, 60 kg.

The First Homo

Homo habilis: antiquity of 1.9 to 1.6 Ma, ate meat, 1.40 m tall, 40 kg, bipedal, rounded skull with a capacity of 600 to 750 cm³.

Homo rudolfensis: cranial capacity of 750 cm³, lived between 2.5 and 1.8 Ma, open forest and savanna.

Homo ergaster: lived from 1.8 to 0.8 Ma, high skull, small teeth, meat, fat and soft foods, cranial capacity of 800 to 1000 cm³.

Homo erectus: 1.8 to 0.1 Ma, 1.70 m tall, brain of 750 to 900 cm³, modern-type dentition, more elongated and robust skull.

Homo antecessor: cranial capacity of 1000 cm³, modern-like stature, heavier than us, cannibalism.

Homo heidelbergensis: lived between 700,000 and 250,000 years ago, in forests, plains and steppes, 1.75 m tall, cranial capacity of 1100 to 1400 cm³.

Homo neanderthalensis: appeared 200,000 years ago and disappeared 44,000 years ago, cranial capacity of 1500 cm³.

Homo floresiensis: less than 1 m tall, 28 kg, lived between 90,000 and 10,000 years ago, rounded skull of 380 cm³.

Homo rhodesiensis: between 600,000 and 250,000 years ago, jaws with a weakly marked chin, forests, plains and savannas, 1.65 m tall, capacity of 1230 cm³.