The House of Bernarda Alba: Structural Analysis

External Structure

The House of Bernarda Alba features a classic three-act structure, corresponding to the traditional pattern of introduction, middle, and end. Each act unfolds in a distinct setting and at a different time.

Internal Structure and Cyclical Patterns

The defining feature of Lorca's drama is its cyclical and representative structure. Each event follows a similar internal progression: initial calm, a violent succession of conflicts, and a final escalation of conflict and violence. These conflicts intensify in a crescendo towards the final suicide: erotic passion, jealousy, and hatred increase and express more violence as the work proceeds. The play incorporates other recurring elements:

• Each act begins with the adverb "now".
• Bernarda's first and last words coincide: "Silence!".
• The play begins and ends with death.
• The play begins with the tolling of bells and concludes with the announcement of a new clamor of bells.
• Topics and conversations are repeated.
• The first scene of Act I and Act III begins with silence, which is interrupted in both cases.
• The second and third acts begin with static, domestic scenes.
• There is a set of alternations between visible aspects of reality and imagined aspects, symbolically referring to the confrontation between reality and desire in women.
• The entire work is built on a set of oppositions and contraries.

Foreshadowing and Omens

Lorca foreshadows the dramatic end through notices, signs, and omens. While some premonitions about the final outcome can be found in the first act, early indications primarily appear in the second act. These signs can be observed:

• In the initial conversation.
• In the confrontation between Adela and Poncia.
• In Poncia's insinuations.
• In the confrontation between Adela and Martirio.
• In the identification of Adela as "the daughter of the pound".
• During Prudencia's visit.
• In Bernarda's insinuations to Poncia.
• In the meaningful dialogue between Poncia and the Maid.
• In the barking of dogs, portending that something will happen.
• In María Josefa's words, which predict final destruction.